Applications of Eddy Resolving Methods

The application of eddy resolving methods to a wide range of propulsive and airframe systems is reviewed. For propulsive systems the following areas are addressed: turbines, compressors, fans, internal air systems, turbine blade cooling and combustors. For airframes the following zones are looked at: airfoil and trailing edges flows, multi-component airfoils, swept and delta wings, full aircraft configurations, base flows, landing gear, cavity and other miscellaneous flows. The frequency of use for the different turbulence modelling techniques described in Chap. 3 is outlined. As might be expected, hybrid RANS-LES methods find much greater use for airframes. The grid densities used are contrasted with expected theoretically based estimates discussed in Chaps. 1 and 3. For propulsion system studies, simulations are found to be generally under resolved. Notably, for all of the above, levels of validation are defined. It is found that there is a lack of detailed validation data to explore in depth the performance of LES and thus refine it. This is especially so for turbomachinery. The need for LES best practices is again discussed.