Theories of human altruism: a systematic review

Abstract The goal of this systematic review was to summarise the social psychological literature on theories of altruism in humans from 1960 to 2014. Material was sourced through online databases, book sections, grey literature and hand

[1]  A. Miller,et al.  The social psychology of good and evil , 2004 .

[2]  C. Batson,et al.  Empathic mediation of helping: A two-stage model. , 1978 .

[3]  Daniel Bar-Tal,et al.  Prosocial behavior: Theory and research , 1976 .

[4]  Robert B. Cialdini,et al.  Transgression and Altruism: A Case for Hedonism. , 1973 .

[5]  H. Clayton Foushee,et al.  The role of dispositional empathy and social evaluation in the empathic mediation of helping. , 1981 .

[6]  M. Hoffman,et al.  Empathy, its development and prosocial implications. , 1977, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.

[7]  D. Bar-Tal,et al.  8 – A Cognitive-Learning Model of Helping Behavior Development: Possible Implications and Applications , 1982 .

[8]  L. Kohlberg Essays On Moral Development , 1981 .

[9]  Nancy Eisenberg,et al.  Empathy, sympathy, and altruism: Empirical and conceptual links. , 1987 .

[10]  S. Fiske,et al.  The Handbook of Social Psychology , 1935 .

[11]  Leonard Berkowitz,et al.  Responsibility and dependency. , 1963 .

[12]  B. Weiner A Cognitive (Attribution)-Emotion-Action Model of Motivated Behavior: An Analysis of Judgments of Help-Giving. , 1980 .

[13]  R. Trivers The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism , 1971, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[14]  D. Krebs,et al.  Altruism: An examination of the concept and a review of the literature. , 1970 .

[15]  David Hume An Inquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals , 2006 .

[16]  C. Daniel Batson,et al.  How social an animal? The human capacity for caring. , 1990 .

[17]  D. Krebs,et al.  The Development of Altruism: Toward an Integrative Model , 1994 .

[18]  M. Ricard,et al.  Self-Centeredness and Selflessness: A Theory of Self-Based Psychological Functioning and Its Consequences for Happiness , 2011 .

[19]  Mark P. Zanna,et al.  Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , 1986, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.

[20]  L. L. Shaw,et al.  Evidence for Altruism: Toward a Pluralism of Prosocial Motives , 1991 .

[21]  C. Daniel Batson,et al.  Is Empathic Emotion a Source of Altruistic Motivation , 1981 .

[22]  T. Rosenthal,et al.  Vicarious classical conditioning as a function of arousal level. , 1966, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[23]  C. Daniel Batson,et al.  Prosocial Motivation: Is it ever Truly Altruistic? , 1987 .

[24]  B. Schwartz Why Altruism Is Impossible ... and Ubiquitous , 1993, Social Service Review.

[25]  Philip G. Zimbardo,et al.  Heroism: A Conceptual Analysis and Differentiation between Heroic Action and Altruism , 2011 .

[26]  V. Derlega,et al.  Cooperation and Helping Behavior: Theories and Research , 1982 .

[27]  M. Lerner The justice motive: Some hypotheses as to its origins and forms1 , 1977 .

[28]  E. Midlarsky,et al.  Training charity in children. , 1967, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[29]  Daniel Bar-Tal,et al.  Chapter 16 – Cognitive Basis for the Development of Altruistic Behavior1 , 1982 .

[30]  Leonard Berkowitz,et al.  Altruism and helping behavior : social psychological studies of some antecedents and consequences , 1970 .

[31]  S. Holmes The reproductive beginnings of altruism. , 1945 .

[32]  D. Moher,et al.  Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement , 2009, BMJ.

[33]  J. Darley,et al.  Altruism and Human Kindness: Internal and External Determinants of Helping Behavior , 1978 .

[34]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Chapter 14 – Helping and Cooperation: A Self-Based Motivational Model1 , 1982 .

[35]  B. Latané,et al.  Bystander intervention in emergencies: diffusion of responsibility. , 1968, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[36]  Kevin L. Harrell,et al.  Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. , 1991, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[37]  A. Gouldner THE NORM OF RECIPROCITY: A PRELIMINARY STATEMENT * , 1960 .

[38]  Lawrence A. Pervin,et al.  Perspectives in Interactional Psychology , 1978 .

[39]  Kelly Anderson,et al.  Prosocial Behavior , 2009 .

[40]  David A. Schroeder,et al.  The arousal: Cost-reward model and the process of intervention , 1991 .

[41]  Bill Underwood,et al.  Affect and Altruism. , 1973 .

[42]  R. F. Weiss,et al.  Altruism Is Rewarding , 1971, Science.

[43]  AUTHOlt,et al.  EMPATHY, ROLE-TAKING, GUILT, AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALTRUISTIC MOTIVES , 2007 .

[44]  J. Karylowski Chapter 17 – Two Types of Altruistic Behavior: Doing Good to Feel Good or to Make the Other Feel Good1 , 1982 .

[45]  R. Cialdini,et al.  Altruism as hedonism: a social development perspective on the relationship of negative mood state and helping. , 1976, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[46]  J. P. Rushton,et al.  Altruism and helping behavior : social, personality, and developmental perspectives , 1981 .

[47]  D. Krebs Empathy and altruism. , 1975, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[48]  David A. Lishner,et al.  Altruism and helping behavior , 2003 .

[49]  C. R. Snyder,et al.  Handbook of positive psychology , 2002 .

[50]  Mark Snyder,et al.  Altruism and Prosocial Behavior , 2012 .

[51]  L. Kohlberg The Psychology Of Moral Development , 1984 .

[52]  Donald J. Baumann,et al.  Mood influences on helping: Direct effects or side effects? , 1984 .

[53]  Louis A. Penner,et al.  Helping and Altruism , 2007 .

[54]  Robert B. Cialdini,et al.  The economics of empathic helping: Support for a mood management motive , 1988 .

[55]  J. P. Rushton,et al.  Altruism and Society: A Social Learning , 1982 .

[56]  Douglas T. Kenrick,et al.  Insights from sadness: A three-step model of the development of altruism as hedonism , 1981 .

[57]  Steven L. Neuberg,et al.  Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: when one into one equals oneness. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[58]  C. Batson Empathy-induced altruistic motivation. , 2010 .

[59]  J. P. Rushton,et al.  The Altruistic Personality , 1984 .

[60]  Nancy Eisenberg,et al.  Empathy-related responding: Moral, social, and socialization correlates. , 2004 .

[61]  A. L. Beaman,et al.  Empathy-based helping: is it selflessly or selfishly motivated? , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[62]  D. Raphael,et al.  I: The Theory of Moral Sentiments , 1976 .

[63]  Auguste Comte System of positive polity , 1968 .

[64]  D Krebs Empathy and altruism. , 1975, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[65]  S. Schwartz,et al.  A Normative Decision Making Model of Altruism , 1981 .

[66]  Peter Salovey,et al.  Mood and helping: Mood as a motivator of helping and helping as a regulator of mood. , 1991 .

[67]  Wayne A. Lesko,et al.  Readings in social psychology: General, classic, and contemporary selections , 1991 .

[68]  R. L. Archer,et al.  The farmer and the cowman should be friends: An attempt at reconciliation with Batson, Coke, and Pych. , 1984 .

[69]  David Hume A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to introduce the experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects , 1972 .

[70]  B. Weiner An attributional theory of motivation and emotion , 1986 .

[71]  Belle M. Nixon Altruism , 1938, Encyclopedia of Social Insects.

[72]  D. Krebs,et al.  Psychological Approaches to Altruism: An Evaluation , 1982, Ethics.

[73]  W. Hamilton The genetical evolution of social behaviour. II. , 1964, Journal of theoretical biology.

[74]  J. Reykowski Chapter 15 – Motivation of Prosocial Behavior1 , 1982 .

[75]  M. Lerner,et al.  The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion , 1980 .

[76]  C. Batson Self-other merging and the empathy-altruism hypothesis : Reply to Neuberg et al. (1997) , 1997 .

[77]  L. Wheeler,et al.  Review of personality and social psychology , 1980 .

[78]  Lauren Wispé,et al.  Altruism, sympathy, and helping : psychological and sociological principles , 1978 .

[79]  W. Hamilton The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I. , 1964, Journal of theoretical biology.

[80]  M. Hoffman,et al.  Developmental synthesis of affect and cognition and its implications for altruistic motivation. , 1975 .

[81]  J. Dovidio,et al.  Chapter 12 – Responsive Bystanders: The Process of Intervention1 , 1982 .

[82]  Samuel P. Oliner The Altruistic Personality , 1988 .

[83]  J. Dovidio,et al.  Prosocial behavior: multilevel perspectives. , 2005, Annual review of psychology.

[84]  M. Bradley,et al.  Emotion and motivation. , 2007 .

[85]  S. Schwartz Normative Influences on Altruism , 1977 .

[86]  C. Batson The Altruism Question: Toward A Social-psychological Answer , 1991 .

[87]  Thomas Lickona,et al.  Moral development and behavior : theory, research, and social issues , 1976 .

[88]  B. Latané,et al.  The Unresponsive Bystander: Why Doesn't He Help? , 1972 .

[89]  M. Hoffman Is altruism part of human nature , 1981 .

[90]  A. Hedge,et al.  Effects of Urban Size, Urgency, and Cost on Helpfulness , 1992 .

[91]  J. P. Rushton Altruism and Society: A Social Learning Perspective , 1982, Ethics.

[92]  Nicholas Birch,et al.  Development of Empathy , 2016 .

[93]  D. Bar-Tal ALTRUISTIC MOTIVATION TO HELP: DEFINITION, UTILITY AND OPERATION ALIZATION , 1986 .

[94]  D. Kelly Time for Sympathy: Some Thoughts on the 250th Anniversary of Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments , 2009 .