The 'sticky business' of cleaning gas-phase membrane proteins: a detergent oriented perspective.

In recent years the properties of gas-phase detergent clusters have come under close scrutiny due in part to their participation in the analysis of intact membrane protein complexes by mass spectrometry. The detergent molecules that cover the protein complex are removed in the gas-phase by thermally agitating the ions by collision-induced dissociation. This process however, is not readily controlled and can frequently result in the disruption of protein structure. Improved methods of releasing proteins from detergent clusters are clearly required. To facilitate this the structural properties of detergent clusters along with the mechanistic details of their dissociation need to be understood. Pivotal to understanding the properties of gas-phase detergent clusters is the technique of ion mobility mass spectrometry. This technique can be used to assign polydisperse detergent clusters and provide information about their geometries and packing densities. In this article we consider the shapes of detergent clusters and show that these clusters possess geometries that are inconsistent with those in solution. We analyse the distributions of clusters in detail using tandem mass spectrometry and suggest that the mean charge of clusters formed from certain detergents is governed by electrostatic repulsion. We discuss the dissociation of detergent clusters and propose that detergent evaporation it a key process in the protection of protein complexes during high energy collisions in the gas-phase.

[1]  Koji Takeda,et al.  Determination of micelle mass by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. , 2005, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[2]  Saunders.  Metal-cluster fission and the liquid-drop model. , 1992, Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

[3]  L. Rayleigh.  XX. On the equilibrium of liquid conducting masses charged with electricity , 1882 .

[4]  A. Bennett,et al.  Multiply charged gas-phase NaAOT reverse micelles: Formation, encapsulation of glycine, and collision-induced dissociation , 2010 .

[5]  G. Siuzdak,et al.  Gas‐Phase Micelles , 1995 .

[6]  C. Robinson,et al.  Formation and dissociation processes of gas-phase detergent micelles. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[7]  M. Jarrold,et al.  Silicon cluster ions: Evidence for a structural transition. , 1991, Physical review letters.

[8]  A. Ruggirello,et al.  Spatially ordered surfactant assemblies in the gas phase: negatively charged bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate-alkaline metal ion aggregates. , 2009, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[9]  D. van der Spoel,et al.  Encapsulation of myoglobin in a cetyl trimethylammonium bromide micelle in vacuo: a simulation study. , 2009, Biochemistry.

[10]  J. Corkill,et al.  Partial molar volumes of surface-active agents in aqueous solution , 1967 .

[11]  M. Jarrold,et al.  High-resolution ion mobility measurements , 1997 .

[12]  E. A. Mason,et al.  Theory of plasma chromatography/gaseous electrophoresis. Review , 1975 .

[13]  M. Bowers,et al.  A new, higher resolution, ion mobility mass spectrometer , 2009 .

[14]  Daniel de Florian,et al.  Phenomenology of forward hadrons in deep inelastic scattering: Fracture functions and its Q 2 evolution , 1997 .

[15]  D. Isailovic,et al.  Resolving oligomers from fully grown polymers with IMS-MS. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[16]  Min Zhou,et al.  Mass spectrometry of membrane transporters reveals subunit stoichiometry and interactions , 2009, Nature Methods.

[17]  Niels Bohr,et al.  The Mechanism of nuclear fission , 1939 .

[18]  Carol V. Robinson,et al.  Mass Spectrometry of Intact V-Type ATPases Reveals Bound Lipids and the Effects of Nucleotide Binding , 2011, Science.

[19]  C. Robinson,et al.  Evidence for micellar structure in the gas phase. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[20]  E. Williams,et al.  Gas-phase dissociation pathways of multiply charged peptide clusters , 2003, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[21]  B. Ninham,et al.  Theory of self-assembly of hydrocarbon amphiphiles into micelles and bilayers , 1976 .

[22]  V. T. Liveri,et al.  Surfactant self-assembly in the gas phase: bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate-alkaline metal ion aggregates. , 2008, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[23]  A. Shvartsburg,et al.  TIN CLUSTERS ADOPT PROLATE GEOMETRIES , 1999 .

[24]  S. Radford,et al.  Elongated oligomers in β2-microglobulin amyloid assembly revealed by ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[25]  V. Vouk.  Projected Area of Convex Bodies , 1948, Nature.

[26]  Carlier,et al.  Unimolecular Coulombic fission in doubly charged alkali-metal clusters. , 1991, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[27]  D. Nohara,et al.  Observation of micelle solution of decyltrimethylammonium bromide by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. , 2000, Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS.

[28]  C. Robinson,et al.  Collision cross sections of proteins and their complexes: a calibration framework and database for gas-phase structural biology. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[29]  C. Robinson,et al.  Ion mobility mass spectrometry of two tetrameric membrane protein complexes reveals compact structures and differences in stability and packing. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[30]  V. Wysocki,et al.  Surface-induced dissociation of small molecules, peptides, and non-covalent protein complexes , 2008, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[31]  Michael T Bowers,et al.  Intermolecular interactions in biomolecular systems examined by mass spectrometry. , 2007, Annual review of physical chemistry.

[32]  C. Guet,et al.  Fission of metal clusters , 1997 .

[33]  C. Tanford,et al.  Determination of partial specific volumes for lipid-associated proteins. , 1978, Methods in enzymology.

[34]  M. Bowers,et al.  Temperature dependence of ion mobilities: Experiment and theory , 1981 .

[35]  Ming-Teh Hsu,et al.  Structures of carbon cluster ions from 3 to 60 atoms: Linears to rings to fullerenes , 1991 .

[36]  Brandon T Ruotolo,et al.  Ion mobility–mass spectrometry analysis of large protein complexes , 2008, Nature Protocols.

[37]  L. Kay,et al.  Quaternary dynamics and plasticity underlie small heat shock protein chaperone function , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[38]  Carol V Robinson,et al.  Micelles Protect Membrane Complexes from Solution to Vacuum , 2008, Science.

[39]  S. Yalkowsky,et al.  Calculation of partial molal volume in micellar systems. , 1972, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[40]  Christopher J. Hogan,et al.  Ion Mobility Measurements of Nondenatured 12–150 kDa Proteins and Protein Multimers by Tandem Differential Mobility Analysis–Mass Spectrometry (DMA-MS) , 2011, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[41]  J. Langridge,et al.  1 Supplementary data for : Ion Mobility Separation coupled with MS detects two structural states of Alzheimer ’ s disease Aβ 1-40 peptide oligomers , 2010 .

[42]  Carol V Robinson,et al.  Advances in the mass spectrometry of membrane proteins: from individual proteins to intact complexes. , 2011, Annual review of biochemistry.

[43]  T. Wyttenbach,et al.  Ion mobility-mass spectrometry reveals a conformational conversion from random assembly to beta-sheet in amyloid fibril formation , 2010, Nature chemistry.

[44]  S. Doniach,et al.  Size and shape of detergent micelles determined by small-angle X-ray scattering. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[45]  R. Millikan.  The General Law of Fall of a Small Spherical Body through a Gas, and its Bearing upon the Nature of Molecular Reflection from Surfaces , 1923 .

[46]  D. F. Evans,et al.  Critical micelle concentrations for alkyltrimethylammonium bromides in water from 25 to 160°C , 1984 .