GaN HEMT Class ${\hbox{E}}^{2}$ Resonant Topologies for UHF DC/DC Power Conversion

In this paper, the design and performance of class E2 resonant topologies for dc/dc power conversion at UHFs are considered. Combining the use of RF gallium-nitride HEMT devices, both for the inverter and synchronous rectifier, with high-Q lumped-element terminating networks, peak efficiency values over 70% may be obtained. Control strategies based on carrier bursting, switching frequency modulation, or outphasing are also shown to be feasible. Taking advantage of their improved dynamic response, when compared to low-frequency more traditional switched-mode converters, a class E3 polar transmitter for the EDGE standard has been designed and tested at 770 MHz, offering an average global efficiency over 46% at 4.3 W of output power, through RF-based amplitude and phase constituting branches. Finally, the potential of such a high frequency of operation in terms of power density is explored, absorbing undesired coil parasitics for the original LC series interconnecting network in a 1-GHz design methodology.

[1]  Mark P. van der Heijden,et al.  A 19W high-efficiency wide-band CMOS-GaN class-E Chireix RF outphasing power amplifier , 2011, 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[2]  Marian K. Kazimierczuk,et al.  Resonant DC/DC converter with class-E inverter and class-E rectifier , 1989 .

[3]  E. McCune,et al.  Envelope Tracking or Polar—Which Is It? [Microwave Bytes] , 2012, IEEE Microwave Magazine.

[4]  Bela Molnar,et al.  Class E Resonant Regulated DC/DC Power Converters: Analysis of Operations, and Experimental Results at 1.5 MHz , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[5]  Charles R. Sullivan,et al.  Opportunities and Challenges in Very High Frequency Power Conversion , 2009, 2009 Twenty-Fourth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition.

[6]  D. Perreault,et al.  A very high frequency dc-dc converter based on a class Φ2 resonant inverter , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[7]  Zoya Popovic,et al.  The transmission-line high-efficiency class-E amplifier , 1995 .

[8]  S.C. O'Mathuna,et al.  Technology roadmapping for Power Supply in Package (PSiP) and Power Supply on Chip (PwrSoC) , 2010, 2010 Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[9]  Z. Popović,et al.  A planar 4.5-GHz DC-DC power converter , 1999 .

[10]  Ronald J. Gutmann,et al.  Application of RF Circuit Design Principles to Distributed Power Converters , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and Control Instrumentation.

[11]  Malik Elbuluk,et al.  Fundamentals of Power Electronics , 2013 .

[12]  Leysi Rizo,et al.  A UHF class E2 DC/DC converter using GaN HEMTs , 2012, 2012 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[13]  W. Davis,et al.  Amplitude modulator utilizing a high-Q Class-E DC-DC converter , 2003, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2003.

[14]  Jose C. Pedro,et al.  Wireless transmitter capabilities through supply modulation , 2010 .

[15]  M. Kazimierczuk,et al.  Resonant Power Converters , 1995 .

[16]  No Sokal,et al.  CLASS-E - NEW CLASS OF HIGH-EFFICIENCY TUNED SINGLE-ENDED SWITCHING POWER AMPLIFIERS , 1975 .

[17]  Ammar Kouki,et al.  Analyzing LINC Systems , 2010, IEEE Microwave Magazine.

[18]  J. Pedro,et al.  Nonlinear Distortion Analysis of Polar Transmitters , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[19]  Han Peng,et al.  Integrated High-Frequency Power Converters Based on GaAs pHEMT: Technology Characterization and Design Examples , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[20]  Peter Singerl,et al.  An RF Carrier Bursting System Using Partial Quantization Noise Cancellation , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[21]  H. Chireix.  High Power Outphasing Modulation , 1935, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers.

[22]  Marian K. Kazimierczuk,et al.  Class E/sup 2/ narrow-band resonant DC/DC converters , 1989 .

[23]  J.C. Pedro,et al.  Linearization of a polar transmitter for EDGE applications , 2008, 2008 Workshop on Integrated Nonlinear Microwave and Millimetre-Wave Circuits.

[24]  Frederick H. Raab,et al.  Lumped-element output networks for high-efficiency power amplifiers , 2010, 2010 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[25]  D.C. Hamill.  Time reversal duality and the synthesis of a double class E DC-DC converter , 1990, 21st Annual IEEE Conference on Power Electronics Specialists.

[26]  Michael A. E. Andersen,et al.  A VHF class E DC-DC converter with self-oscillating gate driver , 2011, 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[27]  Frederick H. Raab,et al.  HF outphasing transmitter using class-E power amplifiers , 2009, 2009 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[28]  Michel Campovecchio,et al.  Over 10MHz bandwidth envelope-tracking DC/DC converter for flexible high power GaN amplifiers , 2011, 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[29]  Raymond Foley,et al.  Technology Roadmapping for Power Supply in Package (PSiP) and Power Supply on Chip (PwrSoC) , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[30]  Marian K. Kazimierczuk.  RF power amplifiers , 2008 .

[31]  F. Raab.  Intermodulation distortion in Kahn-technique transmitters , 1996 .

[32]  John S. Glaser,et al.  A 500 W push-pull dc-dc power converter with a 30 MHz switching frequency , 2010, 2010 Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[33]  Jingying Hu,et al.  High frequency resonant SEPIC converter with wide input and output voltage ranges , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[34]  Fred C. Lee,et al.  High-frequency quasi-resonant converter technologies , 1988, Proc. IEEE.

[35]  Frederick H. Raab,et al.  Idealized operation of the class E tuned power amplifier , 1977 .