Approaching the AWGN channel capacity without active shaping

It is shown that the capacity of the AWGN channel can be approached via a multilevel coding scheme with the output of each encoder mapped into an independent signal constellation. No active shaping is required in this scheme, regardless of the signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, shifted linear codes can be used.

[1]  Gottfried Ungerboeck,et al.  Channel coding with multilevel/phase signals , 1982, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.