An Immune-Based Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The energy-efficiency is the primary design issue, which greatly affects the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs). The hierarchical-based routing is a feasible solution for reducing the energy consumption in WSNs due to reduction of the redundant data transmission. In the hierarchical routing, the network is partitioned into clusters, where each cluster consists of a head node and many member nodes. Selection of the best head nodes, that improve the lifetime and the performance of WSNs, is a NP-hard problem. Thus, this paper proposes an Immune-based Energy-Efficient hierarchical Routing Protocol (IEERP) to improve the lifetime of WSNs. IEERP utilizes the Multi-Objective Immune Algorithm (MOIA) to partition the network into optimum clusters and find locations of the best cluster heads on the basis of balancing the consumption energy among the sensor nodes and minimizing the dissipated energy in communication and overhead control packets. The operation of the proposed IEERP protocol is divided into rounds, where each round consists of two phases. The first phase is the cluster building phase, in which sink uses the MOIA algorithm to find locations of the optimum cluster heads, followed by the data transmission phase, in which the sensor nodes transfer their sensed data to the sink via the determined cluster heads. Simulation results cleared that the IEERP is more reliable protocol because it improvers the stability period and the lifetime of the homogeneous and the heterogeneous WSNs as compared to the other protocols.

[1]  Mohammad Ubaidullah Bokhari,et al.  SEPFL routing protocol based on fuzzy logic control to extend the lifetime and throughput of the wireless sensor network , 2016, Wirel. Networks.

[2]  Fabio Freschi,et al.  Multiobjective Optimization and Artificial Immune Systems: A Review , 2009 .

[3]  B. Shanthi,et al.  GAECH: Genetic Algorithm Based Energy Efficient Clustering Hierarchy in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2015, J. Sensors.

[4]  Weili Wu,et al.  Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications , 2008 .

[5]  N. M. Saad,et al.  An overview of evaluation metrics for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks , 2012, 2012 4th International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems (ICIAS2012).

[6]  Hongwei Mo,et al.  Handbook of Research on Artificial Immune Systems and Natural Computing: Applying Complex Adaptive Technologies , 2008 .

[7]  Mubashir Husain Rehmani,et al.  Applications of wireless sensor networks for urban areas: A survey , 2016, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[8]  Teresa Riesgo,et al.  Wireless Sensor Network for Environmental Monitoring: Application in a Coffee Factory , 2012, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[9]  Lu Hong.  An Adaptive Multi-objective Immune Optimization Algorithm , 2009, 2009 IITA International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering (case 2009).

[10]  Azer Bestavros,et al.  SEP: A Stable Election Protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks , 2004 .

[11]  JeongGil Ko,et al.  Wireless Sensor Networks for Healthcare , 2010, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[12]  Hai Le Vu,et al.  An estimation of sensor energy consumption , 2009 .

[13]  Rekha Jain,et al.  Wireless Sensor Network -A Survey , 2013 .

[14]  Ahmad F. Al-Ajlouni,et al.  The Convergence Speed of Single- And Multi-Objective Immune Algorithm Based Optimization Problems , 2010 .

[15]  Xianbin Wang,et al.  Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks in Marine Environment Monitoring: A Survey , 2014, Sensors.

[16]  Vishal Shrivastava,et al.  An Amend Implementation on LEACH protocol based on Energy Hierarchy , 2012 .

[17]  Daniele Marioli,et al.  Wired and wireless sensor networks for industrial applications , 2009, Microelectron. J..

[18]  Shu Wang,et al.  A novel range-free localization based on regulated neighborhood distance for wireless ad hoc and sensor networks , 2012, Comput. Networks.

[19]  Wendi Heinzelman,et al.  Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks , 2000, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[20]  V. Milutinovic,et al.  A survey of military applications of wireless sensor networks , 2012, 2012 Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO).

[21]  Rakesh Kumar,et al.  Blending Roulette Wheel Selection & Rank Selection in Genetic Algorithms , 2012 .

[22]  Sabah M. Ahmed,et al.  A New Energy-Efficient Adaptive Clustering Protocol Based on Genetic Algorithm for Improving the Lifetime and the Stable Period of Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014 .

[23]  Yide Liu,et al.  Wireless Sensor Network Applications in Smart Grid: Recent Trends and Challenges , 2012, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[24]  Lubna K. Alazzawi,et al.  Performance Evaluation of the WSN Routing Protocols Scalability , 2008, J. Comput. Networks Commun..

[25]  Yingbiao Yao,et al.  Distributed wireless sensor network localization based on weighted search , 2015, Comput. Networks.

[26]  Youssef EL Fatimi,et al.  LEACH-GA : Genetic Algorithm-Based Energy-Efficient Adaptive Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2018 .