[Factors associated with smoking in the elderly: a health survey in São Paulo (ISA-SP)].

This article reports on smoking prevalence and associated factors in the elderly, based on a population-based cross-sectional study with multi-stage sampling including 1,954 individuals 60 years or older living in four areas of São Paulo State, Brazil. Overall smoking prevalence was 12.2%, and higher rates were associated with male gender, age 60-69 years, not belonging to an Evangelical church, lower income, low body weight, lack of leisure-time physical activity, depression/anxiety, and hypertension. There was a high prevalence of smokers among individuals with a history of stroke, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The results point to the need for effective interventions in healthcare services to promote smoking cessation among the elderly, since many are unable to stop on their own, even when they have tobacco-related illnesses. Special attention should be paid to individuals that depend on the National Health System, since smoking prevalence is higher in underprivileged socioeconomic groups.

[1]  T. Araújo,et al.  QUESTIONÁRIO INTERNACIONAL DE ATIVIDADE FÍSICA (IPAQ): ESTUPO DE VALIDADE E REPRODUTIBILIDADE NO BRASIL , 2001 .

[2]  J. Hirdes,et al.  The prevalence of smoking and implications for quality of life among the community-based elderly. , 1993, American journal of preventive medicine.

[3]  M. B. D. A. Barros,et al.  Saúde e condição de vida em São Paulo: inquérito multicêntrico de saúde no Estado de São Paulo , 2022 .

[4]  A. Kaczynski,et al.  Smoking and physical activity: a systematic review. , 2008, American journal of health behavior.

[5]  L. S. Halty,et al.  Análise da utilização do Questionário de Tolerância de Fagerström (QTF) como instrumento de medida da dependência nicotínica , 2002 .

[6]  A. Menezes,et al.  Diretrizes para Cessação do Tabagismo , 2004 .

[7]  L. Nadeau,et al.  The validity of the CAGE scale to screen for heavy drinking and drinking problems in a general population survey. , 1999, Addiction.

[8]  S. Franceschini,et al.  Análise crítica do uso do índice de massa corporal para idosos , 2005 .

[9]  Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa.  A escolaridade afeta, igualmente, comportamentos prejudiciais à saúde de idosos e adultos mais jovens?: Inquérito de Saúde da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil , 2004 .

[10]  M. Zvolensky,et al.  Smoking cessation behavior in older adults by race and gender: the role of health problems and psychological distress. , 2009, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

[11]  Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa,et al.  Tipos de estudos epidemiolgicos: conceitos bsicos e aplicaes na rea do envelhecimento , 2003 .

[12]  A. Spiro,et al.  Depression and Smoking across 25 Years of the Normative Aging Study , 2006, International journal of psychiatry in medicine.

[13]  J. Martínez,et al.  Distribution and determinants of sedentary lifestyles in the European Union. , 2003, International journal of epidemiology.

[14]  E. Vartiainen,et al.  Smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity: a 13-year longitudinal study ranging from adolescence into adulthood. , 2004, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[15]  S. Patten,et al.  Cigarette Smoking, Stages of Change, and Major Depression in the Canadian Population , 2009, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[16]  Daniel M. Doolan,et al.  Smoking cessation interventions and older adults. , 2008, Progress in cardiovascular nursing.

[17]  A. Malarcher,et al.  Disparities in Health Care Utilization by Smoking Status – NHANES 1999–2004 , 2009, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[18]  J. Herlitz,et al.  Are patients truthful about their smoking habits? A validation of self‐report about smoking cessation with biochemical markers of smoking activity amongst patients with ischaemic heart disease , 2001, Journal of internal medicine.

[19]  P. Hallal,et al.  Sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em população idosa no Sul do Brasil , 2004 .

[20]  M. B. D. A. Barros,et al.  Índice de Qualidade da Dieta: avaliação da adaptação e aplicabilidade , 2004 .

[21]  A. Menezes,et al.  Prevalence of smoking and incidence of initiation in the Latin American adult population: the PLATINO study , 2009, BMC public health.

[22]  Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite Carvalhães,et al.  Tabagismo associado a outros fatores comportamentais de risco de doenças e agravos crônicos não transmissíveis , 2010 .

[23]  F. Rodríguez-Artalejo,et al.  Agregación de factores de riesgo ligados al comportamiento y su relación con la salud subjetiva , 2005 .

[24]  Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite Carvalhães,et al.  Prevalência de fatores de risco para doenças crônicas: inquérito populacional mediante entrevistas telefônicas em Botucatu, São Paulo, 2004 , 2008 .

[25]  M. Tremblay,et al.  The accuracy of self-reported smoking: a systematic review of the relationship between self-reported and cotinine-assessed smoking status. , 2009, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

[26]  R. Andersen,et al.  Acculturation and leisure-time physical inactivity in Mexican American adults: results from NHANES III, 1988-1994. , 2001, American journal of public health.

[27]  B. Aggarwal,et al.  Cancer is a Preventable Disease that Requires Major Lifestyle Changes , 2008, Pharmaceutical Research.

[28]  Ricardo Alexandrino Garcia,et al.  O envelhecimento da população brasileira: um enfoque demográfico , 2003 .

[29]  F. Gastal,et al.  A prevalence study of current tobacco smoking in later life community and its association with sociodemographic factors, physical health and mental health status , 2008, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[30]  J. R. Jardim,et al.  Perfil dos fumantes que procuram um centro de cessação de tabagismo , 2008 .

[31]  C. Holahan,et al.  Depressive symptoms, drinking problems, and smoking cessation in older smokers. , 2009, Addictive behaviors.

[32]  S. Peixoto,et al.  Factors associated to smoking habit among older adults (The Bambuí Health and Aging Study). , 2005, Revista de saude publica.

[33]  Maurício Teixeira Leite de Vasconcellos,et al.  Pesquisa mundial de saúde 2003: o Brasil em números , 2004 .

[34]  S. Lindau,et al.  Assessment of smoking behaviors and alcohol use in the national social life, health, and aging project. , 2009, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[35]  Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa,et al.  Condições de saúde e tabagismo entre idosos residentes em duas comunidades brasileiras (Projetos Bambuí e Belo Horizonte) , 2006 .

[36]  C. Williams,et al.  Environmental influences, employment status, and religious activity predict current cigarette smoking in the elderly. , 2001, Addictive behaviors.

[37]  Conglomeración de factores de riesgo de comportamiento asociados a enfermedades crónicas en adultos jóvenes de dos localidades de Bogotá, Colombia: importancia de las diferencias de género , 2004 .

[38]  A. Barros,et al.  Bmc Medical Research Methodology Open Access Alternatives for Logistic Regression in Cross-sectional Studies: an Empirical Comparison of Models That Directly Estimate the Prevalence Ratio Cox Regressioncross-sectional Studieslogistic Regressionodds Ratiopoisson Regressionprevalence Ratiorobust Varia , 2003 .

[39]  S. Barreto,et al.  O perfil de saúde cardiovascular dos idosos brasileiros precisa melhorar: estudo de base populacional , 2008 .

[40]  M. Mckee,et al.  Epidemiology of smoking in Ukraine, 2000. , 2001, Preventive medicine.

[41]  L. S. Halty,et al.  Pesquisa sobre tabagismo entre mdicos de Rio Grande, RS: prevalncia e perfil do fumante , 2002 .