A kappa projection algorithm (KPA) for programming to femtoampere currents in standard CMOS floating-gate elements

In this paper, we present an algorithm that enables programming of standard CMOS floating-gate devices to ultra-low current levels. This paper looks at the limitations of conventional programming schemes for these devices, as well as new methods to achieve ultra-low current levels, reliably, in these devices. Currents range from 1muA down to 100fA. Experimental data is presented from circuits fabricated on a 0.5mum nwell CMOS process available through MOSIS

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