Tobacco smoking, second‐hand smoking exposure in relation to psychotic‐like experiences in adolescents

BACKGROUND Previous literature supports that tobacco smoking and second-hand smoking (SHS) exposure were strongly associated with poor mental health in the general population. However, there is a lack of empirical data on the relationship between tobacco smoking, SHS exposure and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). This study conducted a cross-sectional survey to explore PLEs and the associations of PLEs with tobacco smoking and SHS exposure among adolescents in China. METHODS A total sample of 67 182 Chinese adolescents were recruited from Guangdong province in China (53.7% boys, mean age = 12.79 years) from December 17 to 26, 2021. All adolescents have completed self-reported questionnaires on demographic characteristics, smoking status, SHS exposure and PLEs. RESULTS Within the sample, only 1.2% of participants had an experience of tobacco smoking while approximately three-fifths reported being exposed to SHS. 10.7% of adolescents reported frequent PLEs over the past month. Adolescents who smoked showed a higher prevalence of PLEs than in non-smoking samples. After controlling for confounders, SHS exposure was a robust risk factor for PLEs with or without the effect of tobacco smoking. DISCUSSION These findings support the importance of smoke-free legislation, and anti-smoking measures in educational settings directed at both adolescents and their caregiver, which may decrease occurring rates of PLEs among adolescents.

[1]  Dongfang Wang,et al.  Psychotic-like experiences during COVID-19 lockdown among adolescents: Prevalence, risk and protective factors , 2023, Schizophrenia Research.

[2]  Jaeyong Shin,et al.  Did the COVID-19 Lockdown Reduce Smoking Rate in Adolescents? , 2022, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[3]  Qing Zhong,et al.  Secondhand smoke exposure among never-smoking adolescents in Wuhan, China , 2022, Scientific Reports.

[4]  Haihua Zhu,et al.  Association between Smoking and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption, Tooth Brushing among Adolescents in China , 2022, Children.

[5]  F. Fan,et al.  Current psychotic-like experiences among adolescents in China: Identifying risk and protective factors , 2022, Schizophrenia Research.

[6]  F. Fan,et al.  Resilience buffers the association between sleep disturbance and psychotic-like experiences in adolescents , 2022, Schizophrenia Research.

[7]  Zachary B. Massey,et al.  Examining reactions to smoking and COVID-19 risk messages: An experimental study with people who smoke , 2022, International Journal of Drug Policy.

[8]  Zhening Liu,et al.  Changes of psychotic-like experiences and their association with anxiety/depression among young adolescents before COVID-19 and after the lockdown in China , 2021, Schizophrenia Research.

[9]  D. Mamah,et al.  Psychotic-like experiences among 9,564 Kenyan adolescents and young adults , 2021, Psychiatry Research.

[10]  R. Song,et al.  Meta-analysis of the effects of smoking prevention programs for young adolescents , 2021, Child health nursing research.

[11]  Haiyang Yang,et al.  How the COVID-19 pandemic impacts tobacco addiction: Changes in smoking behavior and associations with well-being , 2021, Addictive Behaviors.

[12]  Eunmi Lee,et al.  The Association between Secondhand Smoke and Stress, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents , 2021, Healthcare.

[13]  Hae-Ran Kim,et al.  Associations Between Secondhand Smoke and Mental Health in Korean Adolescents , 2020, Asia-Pacific journal of public health.

[14]  Farhana Safa,et al.  The association between exposure to second-hand smoke and sleep disturbances: A systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2020, Sleep health.

[15]  O. Odukoya,et al.  Young Peoples’ Support for a Smoke-Free Campus Policy: A Case for Smoke-Free Campuses in the Statewide Smoking Law in Lagos State, Nigeria , 2020, Annals of African medicine.

[16]  D. Dodell-Feder,et al.  Social anhedonia, social networks, and psychotic-like experiences: A test of social deafferentation , 2019, Psychiatry Research.

[17]  F. Erdsiek,et al.  Association between second-hand smoke exposure and depression and its moderation by sex: Findings from a nation-wide population survey in Germany. , 2019, Journal of affective disorders.

[18]  T. Ohida,et al.  The association between sleep disturbance and second-hand smoke exposure: a large-scale, nationwide, cross-sectional study of adolescents in Japan. , 2018, Sleep medicine.

[19]  X. Ye,et al.  Frequency–risk relationships between second-hand smoke exposure and respiratory symptoms among adolescents: a cross-sectional study in South China , 2018, BMJ Open.

[20]  Zhening Liu,et al.  Psychotic-like experiences and correlation with childhood trauma and other socio-demographic factors: A cross-sectional survey in adolescence and early adulthood in China , 2017, Psychiatry Research.

[21]  R. Rosenheck,et al.  Psychotic-like experiences, trauma and related risk factors among “left-behind” children in China , 2017, Schizophrenia Research.

[22]  A. Koyanagi,et al.  Physical Activity Levels and Psychosis: A Mediation Analysis of Factors Influencing Physical Activity Target Achievement Among 204 186 People Across 46 Low- and Middle-Income Countries , 2016, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[23]  E. Fernández,et al.  Association of second-hand smoke exposure at home with psychological distress in the Spanish adult population. , 2015, Addictive behaviors.

[24]  D. Kang,et al.  Active smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke and their relationship to depressive symptoms in the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES) , 2015, BMC Public Health.

[25]  Y. Ko,et al.  Suicide and Other-Cause Mortality after Early Exposure to Smoking and Second Hand Smoking: A 12-Year Population-Based Follow-Up Study , 2015, PloS one.

[26]  R. Kessler,et al.  Psychotic Experiences in the General Population: A Cross-National Analysis Based on 31,261 Respondents From 18 Countries. , 2015, JAMA psychiatry.

[27]  Kosha Ruparel,et al.  The psychosis spectrum in a young U.S. community sample: findings from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort , 2014, World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association.

[28]  A. Girling,et al.  Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis , 2014, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[29]  K. Lee.  Current smoking and secondhand smoke exposure and depression among Korean adolescents: analysis of a national cross-sectional survey , 2014, BMJ Open.

[30]  R. Krishnadas,et al.  Nicotine dependence and illness severity in schizophrenia , 2012, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[31]  F. Rodríguez‐Artalejo,et al.  Second-hand smoke exposure and psychological distress in adolescents. A population-based study , 2012, Tobacco Control.

[32]  J. Samet,et al.  Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Emerging Evidence and Arguments for a Multidisciplinary Research Agenda , 2011, Environmental health perspectives.

[33]  K. Merikangas,et al.  Secondhand smoke exposure and mental health among children and adolescents. , 2011, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[34]  E. Walker,et al.  Association of pre-onset cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use with age at onset of prodrome and age at onset of psychosis in first-episode patients. , 2009, The American journal of psychiatry.

[35]  G. Lewis,et al.  Prospective study of peer victimization in childhood and psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical population at age 12 years. , 2009, Archives of general psychiatry.

[36]  Gary E. Swan,et al.  The Effects of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine on Cognition and the Brain , 2007, Neuropsychology Review.

[37]  H. Meltzer,et al.  Self-reported psychotic symptoms in the general population , 2006, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[38]  Jeffrey H. Meyer,et al.  Smoking-induced ventral striatum dopamine release. , 2004, The American journal of psychiatry.

[39]  M. Bourin,et al.  Nicotinic receptors and schizophrenia , 2004, Current medical research and opinion.

[40]  F. Bymaster,et al.  Muscarinic receptors in schizophrenia. , 2003, Current molecular medicine.

[41]  J. Os,et al.  Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population , 2002, Psychological Medicine.

[42]  T. Slotkin,et al.  Adolescent nicotine exposure causes persistent upregulation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in rat brain regions , 1999, Brain Research.

[43]  R. McCreadie,et al.  Smoking habits, current symptoms, and premorbid characteristics of schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale, Scotland. , 1999, The American journal of psychiatry.

[44]  A. Caspi,et al.  Childhood trauma and children's emerging psychotic symptoms: A genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study. , 2011, The American journal of psychiatry.