Copolymers—A refined way to tailor intrinsically conducting polymers

Abstract An overview is given on electrochemically prepared intrinsically conducting copolymers, their preparation, their properties, potential applications and significant differences from the respective homopolymers. Particular attention is paid to verification of the formation of true copolymers and their characteristic features in comparison to mixtures of homopolymers.

[1]  R. Holze,et al.  Electrochemical and DFT-studies of substituted thiophenes , 2008 .

[2]  J. Brédas,et al.  Polarons, bipolarons, and solitons in conducting polymers , 1985 .

[3]  U. R. Kapadi,et al.  Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of conducting copolymer : Poly(o-aniline-co-o-toluidine) , 2006 .

[4]  R. Murugesan,et al.  Effect of organic dopants on electrodeposition and characteristics of polyaniline under the varying influence of H2SO4 and HClO4 electrolyte media , 2003 .

[5]  T. Wen,et al.  Spectroscopic and thermal properties of the copolymer of aniline with dithiodianiline , 2001 .

[6]  Renaud Demadrille,et al.  Electroactive materials for organic electronics: preparation strategies, structural aspects and characterization techniques. , 2010, Chemical Society reviews.

[7]  I. Stassen,et al.  Electrochemical thermospray mass spectrometry—anodic oxidation of N,N-dialkylanilines , 1998 .

[8]  R. Holze,et al.  Spectroelectrochemistry of intrinsically conducting aniline–thiophene copolymers , 2005 .

[9]  N. S. Sariciftci,et al.  Third generation of conducting polymers: Spectroelectrochemical investigations on viologen functionalized poly (3‐alkylthiophenes) , 1992 .

[10]  Hari Singh Nalwa,et al.  Handbook of advanced electronic and photonic materials and devices , 2001 .

[11]  Kadir Pekmez,et al.  Electropolymerization of Thiophene with and without Aniline in Acetonitrile , 1998 .

[12]  G. Shi,et al.  Electropolymerization of high quality electrochromic poly(3-alkyl-thiophene)s via a room temperature ionic liquid , 2007 .

[13]  A. Ramanavičius,et al.  Electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymer—polypyrrole , 2006 .

[14]  B. D. Malhotra,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of poly(aniline-co-o-anisidine) : a processable conducting copolymer , 1993 .

[15]  P. Hendra,et al.  The Raman spectra of polymers , 1993 .

[16]  R. Holze,et al.  Electrochemical bandgaps of a series of poly-3-p-phenylthiophenes , 2007 .

[17]  R. Holze,et al.  Increased stability of polythiophene in the presence of aniline in acetonitrile , 2003 .

[18]  D. Shan,et al.  Electrochemical characteristics of polyaniline synthesized in the presence of ferrocenesulfonic acid , 2002 .

[19]  R. Holze,et al.  A Spectroelectrochemical Study of Homo-/Co-oligomerization and Homo-/Copolymers of o-Phenylenediamine and o-Toluidine , 2008 .

[20]  R. Holze,et al.  Electrochemical copolymerization of m-toluidine and o-phenylenediamine , 2006 .

[21]  C. Soeller,et al.  Conducting polymers for electrochemical DNA sensing. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[22]  U. R. Kapadi,et al.  Electrochemical synthesis of poly(o-anisidine), poly(o-toludine) and their copolymers in organic sulphonic acid , 2004 .

[23]  R. Holze,et al.  Spectroelectrochemical investigations of aniline–thiophene copolymers in acetonitrile , 2003 .

[24]  R. Holze,et al.  Electrochemical preparation and in situ characterization of poly(3-methylpyrrole) and poly(3-methylpyrrole-cyclodextrin) films on gold electrodes , 2008 .

[25]  P. Rannou,et al.  Temperature-Induced Transitions in Doped Polyaniline: Correlation between Glass Transition, Thermochromism and Electrical Transport , 2002 .

[26]  U. R. Kapadi,et al.  Electrochemical behaviour of polyaniline, poly(o-toluidine) and their copolymer in organic sulphonic acids , 2004 .

[27]  B. D. Malhotra,et al.  Vacuum‐deposited metal/polyaniline Schottky device , 1992 .

[28]  U. R. Kapadi,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of conducting homopolymers and copolymers of o-anisidine and o-toluidine in inorganic and organic supporting electrolytes , 2003 .

[29]  C. Nicolini,et al.  The electrochromic response of polyaniline and its copolymeric systems , 1997 .

[30]  G. Hambitzer,et al.  Electrochemical thermospray mass spectrometry , 1986 .

[31]  G. Pavlov,et al.  Conformation of sodium poly(4-styrenesulfonate) macromolecules in aqueous solutions , 2008 .

[32]  R. Holze,et al.  Electrochemical materials science: tailoring intrinsically conducting polymers. The example: substituted thiophenes , 2005 .

[33]  U. R. Kapadi,et al.  Influence of inorganic and organic supporting electrolytes on the electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline, poly(o-toluidine) and their copolymer thin films , 2002 .

[34]  R. Holze,et al.  Time- and temperature-dependent changes of the in situ conductivity of polyaniline and polyindoline , 1995 .

[35]  U. R. Kapadi,et al.  Glucose oxidase electrodes of polyaniline, poly(o‐toluidine) and their copolymer as a biosensor: a comparative study , 2004 .

[36]  Chun’an Ma,et al.  A novel multichromic copolymer of 1,4-bis(3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)benzene and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene prepared via electrocopolymerization , 2010 .

[37]  I. Stassen,et al.  Anodic oxidation of aniline and N-alkylanilines in aqueous sulphuric acid studied by electrochemical thermospray mass spectrometry , 1997 .

[38]  Mercedes Crego-Calama,et al.  Design of fluorescent materials for chemical sensing. , 2007, Chemical Society reviews.

[39]  G. Niaura,et al.  In situ Raman spectroelectrochemical study of electrocatalytic processes at polyaniline modified electrodes : Redox vs. metal-like catalysis , 2005 .

[40]  R. Holze,et al.  Furan–thiophene copolymers: Electrosynthesis and electrochemical behavior , 2008 .

[41]  Xiaoyuan Li,et al.  Surface-enhanced hyper-Raman scattering and surface-enhanced Raman scattering studies of electroreduction of phenazine on silver electrode , 2000 .

[42]  M. Kulkarni,et al.  Studies on chemically synthesized organic acid doped poly(o-toluidine) , 2005 .

[43]  B. Roy,et al.  Spectroscopic investigation of water-soluble polyaniline copolymers , 2002 .

[44]  U. R. Kapadi,et al.  Studies on electrochemical, optical and electrical conductivity characteristics of copolymer of polyaniline-co-poly(o-toluidine) using various organic salts , 2003 .

[45]  R. Holze,et al.  Electrochemical materials science: calculation vs. experiment as predictive tools in tailoring intrinsically conducting polythiophenes , 2006 .

[46]  H. Rehan,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of conducting copolymers from aniline and o‐anisidine in HCl solutions , 2003 .

[47]  P. Camurlu,et al.  Synthesis and electrochromic properties of conducting copolymers of dioxocino- and dithiocino-quinoxalines with bithiophene , 2006 .

[48]  I. Stassen,et al.  Electrochemical thermospray mass spectrometry — A method for the investigation of the first steps of polymerization reactions , 1993 .

[49]  F. M. Gray,et al.  Solid Polymer Electrolytes , 1991 .

[50]  R. Holze,et al.  Electrochemical copolymerization of o-toluidine and o-phenylenediamine , 2006 .

[51]  Hua Dong,et al.  Functionalized polypyrrole film: synthesis, characterization, and potential applications in chemical and biological sensors. , 2009, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[52]  R. Holze,et al.  Raman spectroelectrochemical studies of copolymers of o-phenylenediamine and o-toluidine , 2010 .

[53]  J. Pomposo,et al.  Influence of the introduction of short alkyl chains in poly(2-(2-thienyl)-1H-pyrrole) on its electrochromic behavior , 2008 .

[54]  U. R. Kapadi,et al.  Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of conducting copolymer: poly(o-anisidine-co-o-toluidine) , 2005 .

[55]  P. Novák,et al.  An electrochemical study of pyrrole/N-methylpyrrole copolymer , 1991 .

[56]  K. Pekmez,et al.  Electropolymerization of acetonitrile solutions containing aniline and thiophene , 1999 .

[57]  P. Novák,et al.  Performance of the Low‐Current‐Density‐Synthesized Polypyrrole in Lithium Cells Containing Propylene Carbonate , 1990 .

[58]  T. Wen,et al.  In situ UV–visible spectroelectrochemical studies on the copolymerization of diphenylamine with anthranilic acid , 2002 .

[59]  D. Sathyanarayana,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of soluble conducting poly(o-/m-toluidine-co-o-nitroaniline) , 2004 .

[60]  S. Seetharamu,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of poly (aniline-co-acrylonitrile) using organic benzoyl peroxide by inverted emulsion method , 2004 .

[61]  I. Stassen,et al.  Polymerization of aniline in aqueous sulfuric acid — study by electrochemical thermospray mass spectrometry , 1993 .

[62]  S. Wait,et al.  Vibrational spectra and assignments for phenazine , 1972 .

[63]  I. Harada,et al.  Correlation between vibrational spectra and electrical conductivity of polythiophene , 1986 .

[64]  R. Holze.  In situ surface resonance Raman spectroscopy of electrochemically generated polythiophene films , 1991 .

[65]  Kyuya Yakushi,et al.  Polarons and bipolarons in polypyrrole: evolution of the band structure and optical spectrum upon doping , 1984 .

[66]  G. Street,et al.  Molecular weight determination of pyrrole-based polymers , 1984 .