Association of Inconclusive Sera for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection with Malaria and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Central Africa

ABSTRACT Among 464 sera from adults in Cameroon, 56 (12.1%) gave inconclusive HIV serology. All were negative for HIV-1 DNA; 44.6% (n = 25) were significantly associated with Plasmodium (42.8%) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (17.8%) infections. In Central Africa, sera giving inconclusive results for HIV are frequently associated with malaria, EBV infection, or both.

[1]  A. Moormann,et al.  The company malaria keeps: how co-infection with Epstein–Barr virus leads to endemic Burkitt lymphoma , 2011, Current opinion in infectious diseases.

[2]  I. Maes,et al.  Low Specificities of HIV Diagnostic Tests Caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Sleeping Sickness , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[3]  R. Hayes,et al.  Association of Schistosomiasis with False-Positive HIV Test Results in an African Adolescent Population , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[4]  N. Inaba,et al.  A Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening Algorithm to Address the High Rate of False-Positive Results in Pregnant Women in Japan , 2010, PloS one.

[5]  M. Peeters,et al.  Inaccurate Diagnosis of HIV-1 Group M and O Is a Key Challenge for Ongoing Universal Access to Antiretroviral Treatment and HIV Prevention in Cameroon , 2009, PloS one.

[6]  K. Lokuge,et al.  The Evaluation of a Rapid In Situ HIV Confirmation Test in a Programme with a High Failure Rate of the WHO HIV Two-Test Diagnostic Algorithm , 2009, PloS one.

[7]  M. Kalish,et al.  Alternative Algorithms for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Diagnosis Using Tests That Are Licensed in the United States , 2008, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[8]  S. Mboup,et al.  Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in dried blood spots by the real-time NucliSENS EasyQ HIV-1 assay in Senegal. , 2008, Journal of virological methods.

[9]  P. Ongolo-Zogo,et al.  High impact of mobile units for mass HIV testing in Africa. , 2007, AIDS.

[10]  M. Fernández-Guerrero,et al.  Refrain from telling bad news: patients with leishmaniasis can have false-positive HIV test results. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[11]  P. Rosenthal,et al.  False-Positive Results of Enzyme Immunoassays for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Patients with Uncomplicated Malaria , 2006, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[12]  J. Klausner,et al.  Influenza vaccination and false positive HIV results. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[13]  H. Weiss,et al.  Real-Time PCR Quantification of Genital Shedding of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Women Coinfected with HSV and HIV , 2006, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[14]  Martine Peeters,et al.  Evaluation of Four Simple/Rapid Assays and Two Fourth-Generation FLISAs for the Identification of HIV Infection on a Serum Panel Representing the HIV-1 Group M Genetic Diversity in Cameroon , 2004, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[15]  L. Bélec,et al.  Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing: Experience Among the Sexually Active Population in Bangui, Central African Republic , 2002, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[16]  A. Brown,et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 test results in patients with malaria and dengue infections. , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[17]  E. Murphy,et al.  Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 gag indeterminate western blot patterns in Central Africa: relationship to Plasmodium falciparum infection. , 2000, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[18]  G. Dighiero,et al.  From Natural Polyreactive Autoantibodies to À La Carte Monoreactive Antibodies to Infectious Agents: Is It a Small World after All? , 1998, Infection and Immunity.

[19]  U. Kara,et al.  Direct PCR amplification and sequence analysis of extrachromosomal Plasmodium DNA from dried blood spots. , 1997, Acta tropica.

[20]  N. Miyasaka,et al.  Possible involvement of Epstein-Barr virus in the pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome. , 1994, Clinical immunology and immunopathology.

[21]  L. Fisher,et al.  Risk factors for repeatedly reactive HIV-1 EIA and indeterminate western blots. A population-based case-control study. , 1994, Archives of internal medicine.

[22]  C. Fang,et al.  Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 antigen and plasma RNA: relevance to indeterminate serologic tests , 1994, Transfusion.

[23]  T. Quinn,et al.  Association of biologic false-positive reactions for syphilis with human immunodeficiency virus infection. , 1992, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[24]  Dean Anthony Lee,et al.  HIV false positivity after hepatitis B vaccination , 1992, The Lancet.

[25]  R. Franklin,et al.  Polyclonal B-cell activation and autoantibody formation during the course of mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. , 1987, Tropical medicine and parasitology : official organ of Deutsche Tropenmedizinische Gesellschaft and of Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit.

[26]  M. Wahlgren,et al.  Characterization of the humoral immune response in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. III. Factors influencing the coexpression of antibody isotypes (IgM and IgG-1 to 4). , 1986, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[27]  R. Biggar,et al.  ELISA HTLV RETROVIRUS ANTIBODY REACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH MALARIA AND IMMUNE COMPLEXES IN HEALTHY AFRICANS , 1985, The Lancet.

[28]  M. Wahlgren,et al.  Characterization of the humoral immune response in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. I. Estimation of antibodies to P. falciparum or human erythrocytes by means of microELISA. , 1983, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[29]  E. Holborow,et al.  Anti-ssDNA and antinuclear antibodies in human malaria. , 1982, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[30]  B. Greenwood.  Possible role of a B-cell mitogen in hypergammaglobulinaemia in malaria and trypanosomiasis. , 1974, Lancet.

[31]  C. B. Evans,et al.  ALTERATIONS IN SERUM PROTEINS AND 19S ANTIBODY PRODUCTION DURING THE COURSE OF INDUCED MALARIAL INFECTIONS IN MAN. , 1965, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.