[MRI of malignant neoplasms of the uterine corpus and cervix].

OBJECTIVE In this article, we review the role of MRI in the imaging of malignant neoplasms of the uterine corpus and cervix, describing its role in staging, treatment planning, and follow-up. CONCLUSION MRI is not officially incorporated in the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system, but is already widely accepted as the most reliable imaging technique for the diagnosis, staging, treatment planning, and follow-up of both endometrial and cervical cancer. MRI protocols need to be optimized to obtain the best results and avoid pitfalls.

[1]  G. Eltabbakh,et al.  Laparoscopy as the primary modality for the treatment of women with endometrial carcinoma , 2001, Cancer.

[2]  S. Sohaib,et al.  Imaging of endometrial adenocarcinoma. , 2006, Clinical radiology.

[3]  R. Kimmig,et al.  Parametrial invasion in cervical carcinoma: evaluation of detection at MR imaging with fat suppression. , 1998, Radiology.

[4]  R. Reznek,et al.  Can MRI rule out bladder and rectal invasion in cervical cancer to help select patients for limited EUA? , 2006, Gynecologic oncology.

[5]  Y. Miyagi,et al.  Endometrial carcinoma: efficacy of thin-section oblique axial MR images for evaluating cervical invasion , 1999, Abdominal Imaging.

[6]  M. Yen,et al.  MR staging of clinical stage I and IIa cervical carcinoma: a reappraisal of efficacy and pitfalls. , 2001, European journal of radiology.

[7]  T. Cheung,et al.  Comparison of dynamic helical CT and dynamic MR imaging in the evaluation of pelvic lymph nodes in cervical carcinoma. , 2000, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[8]  R. Reznek,et al.  MR imaging of uterine sarcomas. , 2001, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[9]  C. Creutzberg.  Lymphadenectomy in apparent early-stage endometrial carcinoma: do numbers count? , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[10]  H M Bonél,et al.  Prediction of deep myometrial invasion in patients with endometrial cancer: clinical utility of contrast-enhanced MR imaging-a meta-analysis and Bayesian analysis. , 2000, Radiology.

[11]  P. Silverman,et al.  Diagnosis, staging, and surveillance of cervical carcinoma. , 2003, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[12]  S. Sironi,et al.  Carcinoma of the cervix: value of plain and gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging in assessing degree of invasiveness. , 1993, Radiology.

[13]  G. Scambia,et al.  Local-regional staging of endometrial carcinoma: role of MR imaging in surgical planning. , 2004, Radiology.

[14]  B. Duggan,et al.  Treated ovarian cancer: MR imaging, laparotomy reassessment, and serum CA-125 values compared with clinical outcome at 1 year. , 2005, Radiology.

[15]  Patrick M M Bossuyt,et al.  Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in staging of uterine cervical carcinoma: a systematic review. , 2003, Gynecologic oncology.

[16]  Y. Itai,et al.  MR imaging of the uterine cervix: imaging-pathologic correlation. , 2003, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[17]  L. Lagasse,et al.  Results and complications of operative staging in cervical cancer: experience of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. , 1980, Gynecologic oncology.

[18]  H. Hricak,et al.  Cervical Carcinoma: Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Preoperative Staging , 1995, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[19]  A. Fulcher,et al.  Recurrent cervical carcinoma: typical and atypical manifestations. , 1999, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[20]  H. Hricak,et al.  MR imaging evaluation of endometrial carcinoma: results of an NCI cooperative study. , 1991, Radiology.

[21]  D. Sartoris,et al.  Role of imaging in cancer of the cervix. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. , 2000, Radiology.

[22]  T. Matsumoto,et al.  Assessing Myometrial Invasion by Endometrial Carcinoma with Dynamic MRI , 1994, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[23]  M. Shiraiwa,et al.  Cervical carcinoma: efficacy of thin-section oblique axial T2-weighted images for evaluating parametrial invasion , 1999, Abdominal Imaging.

[24]  H. Hricak,et al.  Invasive cervical carcinoma: role of MR imaging in pretreatment work-up--cost minimization and diagnostic efficacy analysis. , 1996, Radiology.

[25]  M. Harisinghani,et al.  Diagnostic performance of nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of lymph node metastases in patients with endometrial and cervical cancer. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[26]  M. Segal,et al.  Radiologic staging in patients with endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis. , 1999, Radiology.

[27]  N. deSouza,et al.  Detection of pelvic lymph node metastases in gynecologic malignancy: a comparison of CT, MR imaging, and positron emission tomography. , 2001, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[28]  P. Grigsby,et al.  F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in primary cervical cancer as an indicator of prognosis after radiation therapy. , 2006, Gynecologic oncology.

[29]  S. Broste,et al.  Prognostic Significance of Gross Myometrial Invasion With Endometrial Cancer , 1996, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[30]  L. Blumenson,et al.  Paraaortic Lymph Node Evaluation in Stage I Endometrial Carcinoma , 1982, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[31]  H. Hricak,et al.  Endometrial carcinoma staging by MR imaging. , 1987, Radiology.

[32]  K. Kinkel,et al.  Differentiation between recurrent tumor and benign conditions after treatment of gynecologic pelvic carcinoma: value of dynamic contrast-enhanced subtraction MR imaging. , 1997, Radiology.

[33]  Y. Song,et al.  Detection of Deep Myometrial Invasion in Endometrial Carcinoma: Comparison of Trans vaginal Ultrasound, CT, and MRI , 1995, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[34]  J A Blessing,et al.  Surgical Staging in Endometrial Cancer: Clinical—Pathologic Findings of a Prospective Study , 1984, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[35]  J. Han,et al.  Preoperative Staging of Uterine Cervical Carcinoma: Comparison of CT and MRI in 99 Patients , 1993, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[36]  L. Lagasse,et al.  Prognosis and treatment of endometrial cancer. , 1980, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[37]  J. Quinlivan,et al.  Accuracy of frozen section for the operative management of endometrial cancer , 2001, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[38]  H. Hricak,et al.  Invasive cervical carcinoma: comparison of MR imaging and surgical findings. , 1988, Radiology.

[39]  C. Belloni,et al.  Myometrial invasion by endometrial carcinoma: assessment with plain and gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. , 1992, Radiology.

[40]  V. Nicolet,et al.  MR imaging of cervical carcinoma: a practical staging approach. , 2000, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[41]  M. Asakawa,et al.  Endometrial carcinoma: dynamic MRI with turbo-FLASH technique. , 1996, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[42]  Y. Yamashita,et al.  Normal uterus and FIGO stage I endometrial carcinoma: dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. , 1993, Radiology.

[43]  T. Inoue,et al.  The prognostic significance of number of positive nodes in cervical carcinoma stages IB, IIA, and IIB , 1990, Cancer.

[44]  Y. Yamashita,et al.  Assessment of myometrial invasion by endometrial carcinoma: transvaginal sonography vs contrast-enhanced MR imaging. , 1993, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[45]  S. Ascher,et al.  Imaging of cancer of the endometrium. , 2002, Radiologic clinics of North America.

[46]  A. Jemal,et al.  Cancer Statistics, 2007 , 2007, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[47]  H. Hricak,et al.  Preoperative staging of cervical carcinoma: phased array coil fast spin-echo versus body coil spin-echo T2-weighted MR imaging. , 1998, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[48]  R. McGhee,et al.  Role of imaging in pretreatment evaluation of early invasive cervical cancer: results of the intergroup study American College of Radiology Imaging Network 6651-Gynecologic Oncology Group 183. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[49]  W. Creasman,et al.  New gynecologic cancer staging. , 1990, Gynecologic oncology.

[50]  M. Piver,et al.  Prognostic Significance of Cervical Lesion Size and Pelvic Node Metastases in Cervical Carcinoma , 1975, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[51]  M R Segal,et al.  Radiological evaluation of lymph node metastases in patients with cervical cancer. A meta-analysis. , 1997, JAMA.

[52]  J. van Nagell,et al.  The staging of cervical cancer: inevitable discrepancies between clinical staging and pathologic findinges. , 1971, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[53]  H. Hricak,et al.  Mixed müllerian sarcoma of the uterus: MR imaging findings. , 1989, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[54]  S. Schoenberg,et al.  Staging of invasive cervical carcinoma and of pelvic lymph nodes by high resolution MRI with a phased-array coil in comparison with pathological findings. , 1998, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[55]  H. Hricak,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of new technologies for staging endometrial cancer , 2000, European Radiology.

[56]  K. Shinn,et al.  Staging of early endometrial carcinoma: assessment with T2-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging. , 1999, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[57]  Heoung Keun Kang,et al.  Uterine cervical carcinoma after therapy: CT and MR imaging findings. , 2003, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[58]  H. Seki,et al.  Myometrial invasion of endometrial carcinoma: assessment with dynamic MR and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. , 1997, Clinical radiology.

[59]  Y. Yamashita,et al.  Carcinoma of the cervix: dynamic MR imaging. , 1992, Radiology.

[60]  R. Lange,et al.  Clinical stage I endometrial carcinoma: pitfalls in preoperative assessment with MR imaging. Work in progress. , 1995, Radiology.

[61]  S. Namkoong,et al.  CT and MRI of uterine sarcomas and their mimickers. , 2003, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[62]  F. Fazio,et al.  Lymph node metastasis in patients with clinical early-stage cervical cancer: detection with integrated FDG PET/CT. , 2006, Radiology.

[63]  V. Abeler,et al.  Cancer of the endometrium: value of MR imaging in determining depth of invasion into the myometrium. , 1991, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[64]  A. Gadducci,et al.  An analysis of approaches to the management of endometrial cancer in North America: a CTF study. , 1998, Gynecologic oncology.

[65]  R. Reznek,et al.  Role of MR imaging in the selection of patients with early cervical carcinoma for fertility-preserving surgery: initial experience. , 1999, Radiology.

[66]  R. Azumi,et al.  Stromal invasion by carcinoma of the cervix: assessment with dynamic MR imaging. , 1997, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[67]  J. Scheidler,et al.  Imaging of cancer of the cervix. , 2002, Radiologic clinics of North America.

[68]  T. Takano,et al.  Value of dynamic MR imaging in assessing endometrial carcinoma involvement of the cervix. , 2000, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[69]  B. Goff,et al.  Assessment of depth of myometrial invasion in endometrial adenocarcinoma. , 1990, Gynecologic oncology.

[70]  C. Wong,et al.  Laparoscopy compared with laparotomy for the surgical staging of endometrial carcinoma , 2005, The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research.

[71]  B. I. Choi,et al.  Uterine cervical carcinoma: comparison of CT and MR findings. , 1990, Radiology.

[72]  K. Togashi,et al.  Uterine cervical cancer: assessment with high-field MR imaging. , 1986, Radiology.