Integrating palaeoclimate time series with rich metadata for uncertainty modelling: strategy and documentation of the PalMod 130k marine palaeoclimate data synthesis

Abstract. Palaeoclimate data hold the unique promise of providing a long-term perspective on climate change and as such can serve as an important benchmark for climate models. However, palaeoclimate data have generally been archived with insufficient standardisation and metadata to allow for transparent and consistent uncertainty assessment in an automated way. Thanks to improved computation capacity, transient palaeoclimate simulations are now possible, calling for data products containing multi-parameter time series rather than information on a single parameter for a single time slice. Efforts are underway to simulate a complete glacial–interglacial cycle using general circulation models (https://www.palmod.de/, last access: 6 May 2020), and to confront these simulations with palaeoclimate data, we have compiled a multi-parameter marine palaeoclimate data synthesis that contains time series spanning 0 to 130 000 years ago. We present the first version of the data product that focuses exclusively on time series for which a robust chronology based on benthic foraminifera δ18O and radiocarbon dating is available. The product contains 896 time series of eight palaeoclimate parameters from 143 individual sites, each associated with rich metadata, age–depth model ensembles, and information to refine and update the chronologies. This version contains 205 time series of benthic foraminifera δ18O; 169 of benthic foraminifera δ13C; 131 of seawater temperature; 174 and 119 of planktonic foraminifera δ18O and δ13C; and 44, 38 and 16 of carbonate, organic carbon and biogenic silica content, respectively. The data product is available in three formats (R, LiPD and netCDF) facilitating use across different software and operating systems and can be downloaded at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.908831 (Jonkers et al., 2019). This data descriptor presents our data synthesis strategy and describes the contents and format of the data product in detail. It ends with a set of recommendations for data archiving.

[1]  Stephen Roberts,et al.  A global database of Holocene paleotemperature records , 2020, Scientific Data.

[2]  Michael Langner,et al.  Technical note: PaleoDataView – a software toolbox for the collection, homogenization and visualization of marine proxy data , 2019 .

[3]  Michael Schulz,et al.  Coupling of a sediment diagenesis model (MEDUSA) and an Earth system model (CESM1.2): a contribution toward enhanced marine biogeochemical modelling and long-term climate simulations , 2019, Geoscientific Model Development.

[4]  Yolanda Gil,et al.  PaCTS 1.0: A Crowdsourced Reporting Standard for Paleoclimate Data , 2019, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology.

[5]  D. J. Reynolds,et al.  Variability in the Northern North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Across the Last Two Millennia: A Review , 2019, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology.

[6]  Michael Schulz,et al.  A dynamical reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum ocean state constrained by global oxygen isotope data , 2019 .

[7]  H. Goosse,et al.  Mid-latitude net precipitation decreased with Arctic warming during the Holocene , 2019, Nature.

[8]  Eduardo Zorita,et al.  Diving into the Past: A Paleo Data–Model Comparison Workshop on the Late Glacial and Holocene , 2019, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.

[9]  T. Laepple,et al.  Sedproxy: a forward model for sediment-archived climate proxies , 2018, Climate of the Past.

[10]  Caroline H. Lear,et al.  Deglacial upwelling, productivity and CO2 outgassing in the North Pacific Ocean , 2018, Nature Geoscience.

[11]  Michel Crucifix,et al.  The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 1: Overview and over-arching analysis plan , 2018 .

[12]  Lorraine E. Lisiecki,et al.  Deglacial carbon cycle changes observed in a compilation of 127 benthic δ13C time series (20–6 ka) , 2018, Climate of the Past.

[13]  Nicolas Gruber,et al.  The effects of temperature, salinity, and the carbonate system on Mg/Ca in Globigerinoides ruber (white): A global sediment trap calibration , 2018 .

[14]  Gerrit Lohmann,et al.  Marine radiocarbon reservoir age simulations for the past 50,000 years , 2017 .

[15]  Kenji Kawamura,et al.  A global multiproxy database for temperature reconstructions of the Common Era , 2017, Scientific Data.

[16]  Takasumi Kurahashi-Nakamura,et al.  Dynamical reconstruction of the global ocean state during the Last Glacial Maximum , 2017 .

[17]  Lukas Jonkers,et al.  Quantifying the effect of seasonal and vertical habitat tracking on planktonic foraminifera proxies , 2016 .

[18]  Wolfgang Kuhnt,et al.  Changes in Timor Strait hydrology and thermocline structure during the past 130 ka , 2016 .

[19]  Lorraine E. Lisiecki,et al.  Regional and global benthic δ18O stacks for the last glacial cycle , 2016 .

[20]  Carolyn W. Snyder.  Evolution of global temperature over the past two million years , 2016, Nature.

[21]  Michael Schulz,et al.  Comprehensive Earth system models of the last glacial cycle , 2016 .

[22]  Robert F Spielhagen,et al.  Holocene sea subsurface and surface water masses in the Fram Strait – Comparisons of temperature and sea-ice reconstructions , 2016 .

[23]  Rainer Gersonde,et al.  Pacific-Atlantic Circumpolar Deep Water coupling during the last 500 ka , 2016 .

[24]  Norbert Frank,et al.  Biological and physical controls in the Southern Ocean on past millennial-scale atmospheric CO2 changes , 2016, Nature Communications.

[25]  J. Southon,et al.  Radiocarbon constraints on the extent and evolution of the South Pacific glacial carbon pool , 2016, Nature Communications.

[26]  Minoru Ikehara,et al.  Surface nitrate utilization in the Bering sea since 180 kA BP: Insight from sedimentary nitrogen isotopes , 2016 .

[27]  Olivier Cartapanis,et al.  Global pulses of organic carbon burial in deep-sea sediments during glacial maxima , 2016, Nature Communications.

[28]  Claire Waelbroeck,et al.  Evolution of South Atlantic density and chemical stratification across the last deglaciation , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[29]  Paul J. Valdes,et al.  Transient climate simulations of the deglaciation 21-9 thousand years before present (version 1) - PMIP4 Core experiment design and boundary conditions , 2015 .

[30]  Nicholas P. McKay,et al.  Technical note: The Linked Paleo Data framework – a common tongue for paleoclimatology , 2015 .

[31]  Dirk Nürnberg,et al.  Sea surface and subsurface circulation dynamics off equatorial Peru during the last ~17 kyr , 2015 .

[32]  Ian R Hall,et al.  Deep circulation changes in the central South Atlantic during the past 145 kyrs reflected in a combined231Pa/230Th, Neodymium isotope and benthic δ13C record , 2015 .

[33]  Gerhard Kuhn,et al.  Pushing the boundaries: Glacial/interglacial variability of intermediate and deep waters in the southwest Pacific over the last 350,000 years , 2015 .

[34]  Claire Waelbroeck,et al.  Contribution of seasonal sub-Antarctic surface water variability to millennial-scale changes in atmospheric CO2 over the last deglaciation and Marine Isotope Stage 3 , 2015 .

[35]  Thomas A Ronge,et al.  Disparities in glacial advection of Southern Ocean Intermediate Water to the South Pacific Gyre , 2015 .

[36]  Manfred Mudelsee,et al.  Planktic and Benthic 14C Reservoir Ages for Three Ocean Basins, Calibrated by a Suite of 14C Plateaus in the Glacial-to-Deglacial Suigetsu Atmospheric 14C Record , 2015, Radiocarbon.

[37]  Antje H L Voelker,et al.  Past circulation along the western Iberian margin: a time slice vision from the Last Glacial to the Holocene , 2014 .

[38]  Henry Elderfield,et al.  Holocene climate variability in the Labrador Sea , 2014, Journal of the Geological Society.

[39]  Wolfgang Kuhnt,et al.  Precipitation variability within the West Pacific Warm Pool over the past 120 ka: Evidence from the Davao Gulf, southern Philippines , 2014 .

[40]  Lars Max,et al.  Rapid shifts in subarctic Pacific climate between 138 and 70 ka , 2014 .

[41]  Ruediger Stein,et al.  High-resolution record of late glacial and deglacial sea ice changes in Fram Strait corroborates ice-ocean interactions during abrupt climate shifts , 2014 .

[42]  Rainer Zahn,et al.  Similarities and dissimilarities between the last two deglaciations and interglaciations in the North Atlantic region , 2014 .

[43]  Robert F Spielhagen,et al.  A high‐resolution Lateglacial and Holocene palaeoceanographic record from the Greenland Sea , 2014 .

[44]  William B. Curry,et al.  Improved oxygen isotope temperature calibrations for cosmopolitan benthic foraminifera , 2014 .

[45]  Michael Schulz,et al.  Calcite saturation, foraminiferal test mass, and Mg/Ca‐based temperatures dissolution corrected using XDX—A 150 ka record from the western Indian Ocean , 2014 .

[46]  G. Kuhn,et al.  Increased Dust Deposition in the Pacific Southern Ocean During Glacial Periods , 2014, Science.

[47]  Michael Sarnthein,et al.  Peak glacial 14 C ventilation ages suggest major draw-down of carbon into the abyssal ocean , 2013 .

[48]  Lester Lembke-Jene,et al.  Pulses of enhanced North Pacific Intermediate Water ventilation from the Okhotsk Sea and Bering Sea during the last deglaciation , 2013 .

[49]  Guillaume Leduc,et al.  Rainfall response to orbital and millennial forcing in northern Peru over the last 18 ka , 2013 .

[50]  R. Spielhagen,et al.  Water mass evolution of the Greenland Sea since late glacial times , 2013 .

[51]  Andreas Mackensen,et al.  Deglacial intermediate water reorganization: new evidence from the Indian Ocean , 2013 .

[52]  A. Rosell‐Melé,et al.  Seasonality of UK′37 temperature estimates as inferred from sediment trap data , 2013 .

[53]  Karin A F Zonneveld,et al.  Low- to high-productivity pattern within Heinrich Stadial 1: Inferences from dinoflagellate cyst records off Senegal , 2013 .

[54]  Robert F Spielhagen,et al.  Atlantic Water advection versus sea-ice advances in the eastern Fram Strait during the last 9 ka - multiproxy evidence for a two-phase Holocene , 2013 .

[55]  Dierk Hebbeln,et al.  Cold-water coral growth in the Alboran Sea related to high productivity during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene , 2013 .

[56]  Antje H L Voelker,et al.  A Review of Abrupt Climate Change Events in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean (Iberian Margin): Latitudinal, Longitudinal, and Vertical Gradients , 2013 .

[57]  Jerry F. McManus,et al.  Millennial‐scale Changes in Ventilation of the Thermocline, Intermediate, and Deep Waters of the Glacial North Atlantic , 2013 .

[58]  Elsa Cortijo,et al.  Temporal variability of the surface and deep waters of the North West Atlantic Ocean at orbital and , 2013 .

[59]  N. G. Pisias,et al.  Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Orbital Forcing, and Climate , 2013 .

[60]  Trond Dokken,et al.  Extent and variability of the meridional Atlantic circulation in the eastern Nordic seas during Marine Isotope Stage 5 and its influence on the inception of the last glacial , 2013 .

[61]  Philippe Martinez,et al.  Orbital-scale climate forcing of grassland burning in southern Africa , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[62]  Shaun A Marcott,et al.  A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years , 2013, Science.

[63]  Mea S. Cook,et al.  Millennial‐scale climate change and intermediate water circulation in the Bering Sea from 90 ka: A high‐resolution record from IODP Site U1340 , 2013 .

[64]  Rainer Zahn,et al.  Seasonal patterns of shell flux, δ18O and δ13C of small and large N. pachyderma (s) and G. bulloides in the subpolar North Atlantic , 2013 .

[65]  Lester Lembke-Jene,et al.  Deglacial development of (sub) sea surface temperature and salinity in the subarctic northwest Pacif , 2013 .

[66]  Lars Max,et al.  Millennial-scale variability of marine productivity and terrigenous matter supply in the western Bering Sea over the past 180 kyr , 2012 .

[67]  Stephen Hillier,et al.  Deep sea records of the continental weathering and erosion response to East Asian monsoon intensification since 14 ka in the South China Sea , 2012 .

[68]  Lester Lembke-Jene,et al.  Sea surface temperature variability and sea‐ice extent in the subarctic northwest Pacific during the past 15,000 years , 2012 .

[69]  Ruediger Stein,et al.  Holocene cooling culminates in sea ice oscillations in Fram Strait , 2012 .

[70]  P. Clark,et al.  Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation , 2012, Nature.

[71]  Paul A. Wilson,et al.  Influence of test size, water depth, and ecology on Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, δ18O and δ13C in nine modern species of planktic foraminifers , 2012 .

[72]  Henry Elderfield,et al.  Reconstructing North Atlantic deglacial surface hydrography and its link to the Atlantic overturning circulation , 2011 .

[73]  C. Korte,et al.  Shallow marine carbon and oxygen isotope and elemental records indicate icehouse-greenhouse cycles during the Early Jurassic , 2011 .

[74]  Richard J. Telford,et al.  Dynamics of North Atlantic Deep Water masses during the Holocene , 2011 .

[75]  Elsa Cortijo,et al.  Persistent influence of ice sheet melting on high northern latitude climate during the early Last Interglacial , 2011 .

[76]  J. Christen,et al.  Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an autoregressive gamma process , 2011 .

[77]  Claire Waelbroeck,et al.  The timing of deglacial circulation changes in the Atlantic , 2011 .

[78]  Robert F Spielhagen,et al.  Atlantic Water advection to the eastern Fram Strait Multiproxy evidence for late Holocene variability , 2011 .

[79]  Andreas Mackensen,et al.  Testing the impact of seasonal phytodetritus deposition on δ13C of epibenthic foraminifer Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi: A 31,000 year high‐resolution record from the northwest African continental slope , 2011 .

[80]  Dirk Nürnberg,et al.  Hydrological variability in Florida Straits during Marine Isotope Stage 5 cold events , 2011 .

[81]  Richard J. Telford,et al.  A novel method for assessing the statistical significance of quantitative reconstructions inferred from biotic assemblages , 2011 .

[82]  Wolfgang Kuhnt,et al.  Mindanao Dome variability over the last 160 kyr: Episodic glacial cooling of the West Pacific Warm Pool , 2011 .

[83]  Wolfgang Kuhnt,et al.  Tropical warming in the Timor Sea led deglacial Antarctic warming and atmospheric CO2 rise by more than 500 yr , 2011 .

[84]  Andreas Mackensen,et al.  Bipolar seesaw in the northeastern tropical Atlantic during Heinrich stadials , 2011 .

[85]  Thomas M. Marchitto,et al.  Enhanced Modern Heat Transfer to the Arctic by Warm Atlantic Water , 2011, Science.

[86]  Andreas Mackensen,et al.  The tropical rainbelt and productivity changes off northwest Africa: A 31,000-year high-resolution record , 2010 .

[87]  E. Michel,et al.  Ventilation of the Deep Southern Ocean and Deglacial CO2 Rise , 2010, Science.

[88]  Henry Elderfield,et al.  Freshwater input and abrupt deglacial climate change in the North Atlantic , 2010 .

[89]  Henry Elderfield,et al.  Intermediate and deep water paleoceanography of the northern North Atlantic over the past 21,000 years , 2010 .

[90]  Antje H L Voelker,et al.  Hydrographic conditions along the western Iberian margin during marine isotope stage 2 , 2009 .

[91]  R. Thunell,et al.  A bi-polar signal recorded in the western tropical Pacific: Northern and Southern Hemisphere climate records from the Pacific warm pool during the last Ice Age , 2009 .

[92]  Michael Schulz,et al.  Extratropical forcing of Sahel aridity during Heinrich stadials , 2009 .

[93]  William B. Curry,et al.  Florida Straits density structure and transport over the last 8000 years , 2009 .

[94]  Theodore C. Moore,et al.  Ventilation of the abyssal Southern Ocean during the late Neogene: A new perspective from the subantarctic Pacific , 2009 .

[95]  Z. Liu,et al.  Transient Simulation of Last Deglaciation with a New Mechanism for Bølling-Allerød Warming , 2009, Science.

[96]  Maria Fernanda Sanchez Goñi,et al.  Position of the Polar Front along the western Iberian margin during key cold episodes of the last 45 ka , 2009 .

[97]  Jerry F. McManus,et al.  Glacial‐interglacial circulation changes inferred from 231Pa/230Th sedimentary record in the North Atlantic region , 2009 .

[98]  Wolfgang Kuhnt,et al.  Evidence for Indonesian Throughflow slowdown during Heinrich events 3-5 , 2009 .

[99]  W. Howard,et al.  Southern Ocean seasonal temperature and Subtropical Front movement on the South Tasman Rise in the late Quaternary , 2009 .

[100]  Alexander J. Dickson,et al.  Oceanic forcing of the Marine Isotope Stage 11 interglacial , 2009 .

[101]  Michael K. Gagan,et al.  Late Quaternary siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentation model for the Capricorn Channel, southern Great Barrier Reef province, Australia , 2009 .

[102]  M. Weinelt,et al.  Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum: report of the MARGO Project , 2009 .

[103]  Michael Schulz,et al.  Sahel megadroughts triggered by glacial slowdowns of Atlantic meridional overturning , 2008 .

[104]  Martin Ziegler,et al.  Persistent summer expansion of the Atlantic Warm Pool during glacial abrupt cold events. , 2008 .

[105]  Hiroshi Kawamura,et al.  Changes in the thermocline structure of the Indonesian outflow during Terminations I and II , 2008 .

[106]  Ursula Röhl,et al.  Paleonutrient and productivity records from the subarctic North Pacific , 2008 .

[107]  Martin Ziegler,et al.  Interacting Loop Current variability and Mississippi River discharge over the past 400 kyr , 2008 .

[108]  Jerry F. McManus,et al.  Episodic reductions in bottom-water currents since the last ice age , 2008 .

[109]  W. Raza,et al.  Surface and deep water changes in the northeast Indian Ocean during the last 60 ka inferred from carbon and oxygen isotopes of planktonic and benthic foraminifera , 2008 .

[110]  Joan O. Grimalt,et al.  Evidence of abrupt changes in Western Mediterranean Deep Water circulation during the last 50kyr: A high-resolution marine record from the Balearic Sea , 2008 .

[111]  Wolfgang Kuhnt,et al.  Centennial-scale climate variability in the Timor Sea during Marine Isotope Stage 3 , 2008 .

[112]  William B. Curry,et al.  Subtropical Atlantic salinity variability and Atlantic meridional circulation during the last deglaciation , 2007 .

[113]  Rainer Zahn,et al.  Paleoceanography of the southern Agulhas Plateau during the last 150 ka: Inferences from benthic foraminiferal assemblages and multispecies epifaunal carbon isotopes , 2007 .

[114]  Rainer Zahn,et al.  Deep water variability on the southern Agulhas Plateau: Interhemispheric links over the past 170 ka , 2007 .

[115]  Dorthe Dahl-Jensen,et al.  A 60 000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice core chronology , 2007 .

[116]  Axel Timmermann,et al.  Southern Hemisphere and Deep-Sea Warming Led Deglacial Atmospheric CO2 Rise and Tropical Warming , 2007, Science.

[117]  Christoph Hemleben,et al.  Clay minerals in late glacial and Holocene sediments of the northern and southern Aegean Sea , 2007 .

[118]  Timothy T. Barrows,et al.  Long-term sea surface temperature and climate change in the Australian–New Zealand region , 2007 .

[119]  Michal Kucera,et al.  Vertical niche separation control of diversity and size disparity in planktonic foraminifera , 2007 .

[120]  Jerry F. McManus,et al.  Amplitude and timing of temperature and salinity variability in the subpolar North Atlantic over the past 10 k.y. , 2007 .

[121]  L. Stott,et al.  Comment on “Anomalous radiocarbon ages for foraminifera shells” by W. Broecker et al.: A correction to the western tropical Pacific MD9821‐81 record , 2007 .

[122]  Mea S. Cook,et al.  Evidence from diatom-bound nitrogen isotopes for subarctic Pacific stratification during the last ice age and a link to North Pacific denitrification changes , 2007 .

[123]  Stephen Barker,et al.  Reply to comment by L. D. Stott on “Anomalous radiocarbon ages for foraminifera shells”: A correction to the western tropical Pacific MD9821‐81 record , 2007 .

[124]  Norbert R Nowaczyk,et al.  Dominant Northern Hemisphere climate control over millennial-scale glacial sea-level variability , 2007 .

[125]  Wolfgang Kuhnt,et al.  Changes in the vertical profile of the Indonesian Throughflow during Termination II: Evidence from the Timor Sea , 2006 .

[126]  Jerry F. McManus,et al.  Evolution and demise of the Last Interglacial warmth in the subpolar North Atlantic , 2006 .

[127]  Henry Elderfield,et al.  Antarctic control on tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature and hydrography , 2006 .

[128]  Isabelle Billy,et al.  Contrasting conditions preceding MIS3 and MIS2 Heinrich events , 2006 .

[129]  Joan O. Grimalt,et al.  Glacial rapid variability in deep-water temperature and δ18O from the Western Mediterranean Sea , 2006 .

[130]  André Kaiser,et al.  Ozeanographie, Produktivität und Meereisverbreitung im Ochotskischen Meer während der letzten ca. 350 ka , 2006 .

[131]  Nicholas J Shackleton,et al.  Paleoclimate history of Galapagos surface waters over the last 135,000 yr , 2006 .

[132]  J. Sachs,et al.  Sea surface temperatures of southern midlatitudes 0–160 kyr B.P. , 2006 .

[133]  Susana Martin Lebreiro,et al.  Mediterranean outflow strengthening during northern hemisphere coolings: A salt source for the glacial Atlantic? , 2006 .

[134]  Timothy D. Herbert,et al.  Evolution of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Through Plio-Pleistocene Glaciation , 2006, Science.

[135]  Hiroshi Kawamura,et al.  Climate variability and land-ocean interactions in the Indo Pacific Warm Pool: A 460-ka palynological and organic geochemical record from the Timor Sea , 2006 .

[136]  Michael Sarnthein,et al.  Variability of the Denmark Strait Overflow during the Last Glacial Maximum , 2006 .

[137]  Elsa Cortijo,et al.  Paleoceanography of the Barents Sea during the Holocene , 2005 .

[138]  W. Howard,et al.  Deglacial paleoceanographic history of the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand , 2005 .

[139]  D. Oppo,et al.  Amplitude and timing of sea-surface temperature change in the northern South China Sea: Dynamic link to the East Asian monsoon , 2005 .

[140]  Jian Xu,et al.  Orbitally paced paleoproductivity variations in the Timor Sea and Indonesian Throughflow variability during the last 460 kyr , 2005 .

[141]  Mea S. Cook,et al.  The deglacial history of surface and intermediate water of the Bering Sea , 2005 .

[142]  Robert F Spielhagen,et al.  Modern and Holocene hydrographic characteristics of the shallow Kara Sea shelf (Siberia) as reflected by stable isotopes of bivalves and benthic foraminifera , 2005 .

[143]  Philippe Bertrand,et al.  Nitrogen cycling on the Namibian shelf and slope over the last two climatic cycles: Local and global forcings , 2005 .

[144]  Francisco Javier Sierro,et al.  Impact of iceberg melting on Mediterranean thermohaline circulation during Heinrich events , 2005 .

[145]  Henry Elderfield,et al.  Evidence from the high‐latitude North Atlantic for variations in Antarctic Intermediate water flow during the last deglaciation , 2005 .

[146]  Robert F. Anderson,et al.  Increased productivity in the subantarctic ocean during Heinrich events , 2005, Nature.

[147]  Timothy T. Barrows,et al.  Reconstruction of sea-surface temperatures from assemblages of planktonic foraminifera: multi-technique approach based on geographically constrained calibration data sets and its application to glacial Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , 2005 .

[148]  R. Zahn,et al.  Southern Hemisphere Water Mass Conversion Linked with North Atlantic Climate Variability , 2005, Science.

[149]  M. Raymo,et al.  A Pliocene‐Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records , 2005 .

[150]  T. Kiefer,et al.  Deep flow in the Madagascar–Mascarene Basin over the last 150000 years , 2005, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[151]  Dirk Nürnberg,et al.  Environmental change in the Sea of Okhotsk during the last 1.1 million years , 2004 .

[152]  William B. Curry,et al.  Glacial water mass geometry and the distribution of δ13C of ΣCO2 in the western Atlantic Ocean , 2004 .

[153]  Michael K. Gagan,et al.  Carbon isotope evidence for changes in Antarctic Intermediate Water circulation and ocean ventilation in the southwest Pacific during the last deglaciation , 2004 .

[154]  Gerrit Lohmann,et al.  North Pacific and North Atlantic sea-surface temperature variability during the Holocene , 2004 .

[155]  Michael Sarnthein,et al.  Mid Holocene origin of the sea-surface salinity low in the subarctic North Pacific , 2004 .

[156]  Steven L. Goldstein,et al.  Intensification and variability of ocean thermohaline circulation through the last deglaciation , 2004 .

[157]  I. Hall,et al.  Centennial to millennial scale Holocene climate-deep water linkage in the North Atlantic , 2004 .

[158]  G. R. Brooks,et al.  Data Report: Texture and Composition of Quaternary Upper-Slope Sediments in the Great Australian Bight: Sites 1130 and 1132 , 2004 .

[159]  Robert F Spielhagen,et al.  Holocene variability of bottom water hydrography on the Kara Sea shelf (Siberia) depicted in multiple single-valve analyses of stable isotopes in ostracods , 2004 .

[160]  Masafumi Murayama,et al.  Sea‐surface temperature and salinity changes in the northwest Pacific since the Last Glacial Maximum , 2004 .

[161]  J. Andrews,et al.  Temporal changes in Holocene δ18O records from the northwest and central North Iceland Shelf , 2004 .

[162]  Athanasios Koutavas,et al.  Glacial‐interglacial dynamics of the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue‐Intertropical Convergence Zone system reconstructed from oxygen isotope records , 2003 .

[163]  Norbert R Nowaczyk,et al.  Further rock magnetic and chronostratigraphic results on reversal excursions during the last 50 ka as derived from northern high latitudes and discrepancies in precise AMS 14C dating , 2003 .

[164]  Michael Sarnthein,et al.  The role of productivity in the Northeast Atlantic on abrupt climate change over the last 80,000 years. , 2003 .

[165]  Michael Schulz,et al.  Centennial‐to‐millennial‐scale periodicities of Holocene climate and sediment injections off the western Barents shelf, 75°N , 2003 .

[166]  M. Schulz,et al.  340,000-Year Centennial-Scale Marine Record of Southern Hemisphere Climatic Oscillation , 2003, Science.

[167]  Joan O. Grimalt,et al.  Climatic dependence of the organic matter contributions in the north eastern Norwegian Sea over the last 15,000 years , 2003 .

[168]  Christoph Vogt,et al.  Freshwater pulses in the eastern Arctic Ocean during Saalian and Early Weichselian ice-sheet collapse , 2003, Quaternary Research.

[169]  Henry Elderfield,et al.  Calibration of Mg/Ca thermometry in planktonic foraminifera from a sediment trap time series , 2003 .

[170]  Peter J Müller,et al.  Influence of Northern Hemisphere climate and global sea level rise on the restricted Red Sea marine environment during termination I , 2003 .

[171]  Yusuke Yokoyama,et al.  La Niña-like conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific and a stronger Choco jet in the northern Andes during the last glaciation , 2003 .

[172]  Rainer Zahn,et al.  Surface and deep water response to rapid climate changes at the Western Iberian Margin , 2003 .

[173]  Nicholas J Shackleton,et al.  Millennial-scale oceanic climate variability off the Western Iberian margin during the last two glacial periods , 2003 .

[174]  Jerry F. McManus,et al.  Surveillance: Radiographic imaging with cosmic-ray muons , 2003, Nature.

[175]  S. Calvert,et al.  Nitrogen isotope and productivity variations along the northeast Pacific margin over the last 120 kyr: Surface and subsurface paleoceanography , 2002 .

[176]  J. Duplessy,et al.  Late Weichselian to Holocene paleoenvironments in the Barents Sea , 2002 .

[177]  Niall C. Slowey,et al.  Benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca-paleothermometry: a revised core-top calibration , 2002 .

[178]  I Nick McCave,et al.  Climatic and oceanographic changes in the Northeast Atlantic reflected by magnetic properties of sediments deposited on the Portuguese Margin during the last 340 ka , 2002 .

[179]  Wolfgang Kuhnt,et al.  Late Pleistocene bryozoan reef mounds of the Great Australian Bight: Isotope stratigraphy and benthic foraminiferal record , 2002 .

[180]  R. Thunell,et al.  Super ENSO and Global Climate Oscillations at Millennial Time Scales , 2002, Science.

[181]  E. Bard,et al.  High frequency palaeoceanographic changes during the past 140 000 yr recorded by the organic matter in sediments of the Iberian Margin , 2002 .

[182]  Mitchell W Lyle,et al.  Patterns of CaCO3 deposition in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean for the last 150 kyr: Evidence for a southeast Pacific depositional spike during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2 , 2002 .

[183]  W. Howard,et al.  Glacial-interglacial sea surface temperature changes across the subtropical front east of New Zealand based on alkenone unsaturation ratios and foraminiferal assemblages , 2002 .

[184]  Laurent Labeyrie,et al.  Changes in North Atlantic deep-water formation associated with the Dansgaard–Oeschger temperature oscillations (60–10 ka) , 2002 .

[185]  Laurent Labeyrie,et al.  Coherent patterns of ice-rafted debris deposits in the Nordic regions during the last glacial (10–60 ka) , 2001 .

[186]  Antje H L Voelker,et al.  Global distribution of centennial-scale records for Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3: a database , 2001 .

[187]  Frank R Rack,et al.  Derivation of δ18O from sediment core log data: Implications for millennial‐scale climate change in the Labrador Sea , 2001 .

[188]  Didier Paillard,et al.  The timing of the last deglaciation in North Atlantic climate records , 2001, Nature.

[189]  Wolfgang Kuhnt,et al.  Changes in Artic Ocean paleoproductivity and hydrography during the last 145 kyrs: the benthic foraminiferal record , 2001 .

[190]  Colin W. Devey,et al.  Processes controlling trace element geochemistry of Arabian Sea sediments during the last 25,000 years , 2000 .

[191]  A. Kirkland,et al.  Hydrological impact of heinrich events in the subtropical northeast atlantic , 2000, Science.

[192]  Michael Sarnthein,et al.  Potential links between surging ice sheets, circulation changes, and the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles in the Irminger Sea, 60-18 kyr , 2000 .

[193]  H. Elderfield,et al.  Past temperature and δ18O of surface ocean waters inferred from foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios , 2000, Nature.

[194]  D. Hammond,et al.  Intermediate water ventilation on the Northeastern Pacific Margin during the Late Pleistocene inferred from benthic foraminiferal δ13C , 2000 .

[195]  M. Horowitz,et al.  Glacial deep water geometry: South Atlantic benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and δ13C evidence , 2000 .

[196]  Ruediger Stein,et al.  A multiproxy approach to reconstruct the environmental changes along the Eurasian continental margin over the last 150 000 years , 2000 .

[197]  Rainer Zahn,et al.  Warming of the tropical Atlantic Ocean and slowdown of thermohaline circulation during the last deglaciation , 1999, Nature.

[198]  Michael Sarnthein,et al.  Millennial reoccurrence of century-scale abrupt events of East Asian Monsoon: A possible heat conveyor for the global deglaciation , 1999 .

[199]  Gerold Wefer,et al.  Link between the North and South Atlantic during the Heinrich events of the last glacial period , 1999 .

[200]  Francisco Javier Sierro,et al.  Dansgaard‐Oeschger and Heinrich event imprints in Alboran Sea paleotemperatures , 1999 .

[201]  E. Jansen,et al.  Rapid changes in the mechanism of ocean convection during the last glacial period , 1999, Nature.

[202]  Gerold Wefer,et al.  Late Quaternary Temperature Variability in the Benguela Current System Derived from Alkenones , 1999, Quaternary Research.

[203]  Joan O. Grimalt,et al.  High‐resolution UK 37 temperature reconstructions in the South China Sea over the past 220 kyr , 1999 .

[204]  Edward A. Boyle,et al.  Surface and deep ocean variability in the northern Sargasso Sea during marine isotope stage 3 , 1999 .

[205]  Joseph D. Ortiz,et al.  Diffuse spectral reflectance as a proxy for percent carbonate content in North Atlantic sediments , 1999 .

[206]  Gerold Wefer,et al.  The deglacial history of the western tropical Atlantic as inferred from high resolution stable isotope records off northeastern Brazil , 1999 .

[207]  Joan O. Grimalt,et al.  East Asian monsoon climate during the Late Pleistocene: high-resolution sediment records from the south China Sea , 1999 .

[208]  Wolfgang Kuhnt,et al.  Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years , 1999 .

[209]  Christoph Heinze,et al.  A global oceanic sediment model for long‐term climate studies , 1999 .

[210]  Rainer Zahn,et al.  Implications for sedimentation changes on the Iberian margin over the last two glacial/interglacial transitions from (230Thexcess)0 systematics , 1999 .

[211]  J. L. Cullen,et al.  A 0.5-million-year record of millennial-scale climate variability in the north atlantic , 1999, Science.

[212]  Didier Paillard,et al.  Changes in Meridional Temperature and Salinity Gradients in the North Atlantic Ocean (30°–72°N) during the Last Interglacial Period , 1999 .

[213]  Elsa Cortijo,et al.  Millennial‐scale iceberg discharges in the Irminger Basin during the Last Glacial Period: Relationship with the Heinrich events and environmental settings , 1998 .

[214]  Gerold Wefer,et al.  Correlated Millennial-Scale Changes in Surface Hydrography and Terrigenous Sediment Yield Inferred from Last-Glacial Marine Deposits off Northeastern Brazil , 1998, Quaternary Research.

[215]  Ruediger Stein,et al.  New aspects of organic carbon deposition and its paleoceanographic implications along the Northern Barents Sea Margin during the last 30,000 years , 1998 .

[216]  J. Duplessy,et al.  Improving past sea surface temperature estimates based on planktonic fossil faunas , 1998 .

[217]  Jelle Bijma,et al.  Reevaluation of the oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera: Experimental results and revised paleotemperature equations , 1998 .

[218]  P. Weaver,et al.  Response of surface water masses and circulation to Late Quaternary climate change east of New Zealand , 1998 .

[219]  Alan C. Mix,et al.  Millennial-scale deep water oscillations: Reflections of the North Atlantic in the deep Pacific from 10 to 60 ka , 1998 .

[220]  Patricia Wells,et al.  Response of nannoplankton to major changes in sea-surface temperature and movements of hydrological fronts over Site DSDP 594 (south Chatham Rise, southeastern New Zealand), during the last 130 kyr , 1997 .

[221]  Jelle Bijma,et al.  Effect of seawater carbonate concentration on foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotopes , 1997, Nature.

[222]  Heidi Cullen,et al.  A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates , 1997 .

[223]  Gerold Wefer,et al.  Rapid palaeoceanographic changes in the Benguela Upwelling System for the last 160,000 years as indicated by abundances of planktonic foraminifera , 1997 .

[224]  Jaco H. Baas,et al.  Late Quaternary sedimentation on the Portuguese continental margin: climate-related processes and products , 1997 .

[225]  James V. Gardner,et al.  Biogenic sedimentation beneath the California Current System for the past 30 kyr and its paleoceanographic significance , 1997 .

[226]  William B. Curry,et al.  SYNCHRONOUS, HIGH-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS IN TROPICAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES AND NORTH ATLANTIC DEEP WATER PRODUCTION DURING THE LAST GLACIAL CYCLE , 1997 .

[227]  David M. Anderson,et al.  Sea surface temperature changes in the southern California borderlands during the last glacial‐Interglacial cycle , 1996 .

[228]  Richard G. Fairbanks,et al.  Climate connections between the hemisphere revealed by deep sea sediment core/ice core correlations , 1996 .

[229]  Laurent Labeyrie,et al.  Hydrographic changes of the Southern Ocean (southeast Indian Sector) Over the last 230 kyr , 1996 .

[230]  Scott J. Lehman,et al.  Suborbital timescale variability of North Atlantic Deep Water during the past 200 , 1995 .

[231]  Elsa Cortijo,et al.  SURFACE AND DEEP HYDROLOGY OF THE NORTHERN ATLANTIC OCEAN DURING THE PAST 150 000 YEARS , 1995 .

[232]  L. D. Keigwin,et al.  Western North Atlantic evidence for millennial-scale changes in ocean circulation and climate , 1994 .

[233]  Laurent Labeyrie,et al.  Changes in east Atlantic deepwater circulation over the last 30 , 1994 .

[234]  C. Nelson,et al.  Oceanographic and climatic changes over the past 160,000 years at deep sea drilling project site 594 off Southeastern New Zealand, Southwest Pacific Ocean , 1993 .

[235]  J. Duplessy,et al.  Century-scale events in monsoonal climate over the past 24,000 years , 1993, Nature.

[236]  J. Duplessy,et al.  Changes in surface salinity of the North Atlantic Ocean during the last deglaciation , 1992, Nature.

[237]  Laurent Labeyrie,et al.  Surface water temperature changes in the high latitudes of the southern hemisphere over the Last Glacial‐Interglacial Cycle , 1992 .

[238]  Rainer Zahn,et al.  Paleoproductivity and carbon burial across the California Current: The multitracers transect, 42°N , 1992 .

[239]  Richard G. Fairbanks,et al.  Evidence from Southern Ocean sediments for the effect of North Atlantic deep-water flux on climate , 1992, Nature.

[240]  B. Nielsen,et al.  Timing of Late Quaternary productivity pulses in the Panama Basin and implications for atmospheric CO2 , 1991 .

[241]  Michael Sarnthein,et al.  Atmospheric summer circulation and coastal upwelling in the Arabian Sea during the Holocene and the last glaciation , 1991, Quaternary Research.

[242]  E. Jansen,et al.  Evidence for two-step deglaciation and its impact on North Atlantic deep-water circulation , 1990, Nature.

[243]  Laurent Labeyrie,et al.  The Last Deglaciation in the Southern Ocean , 1989 .

[244]  L. D. Keigwin,et al.  Glacial-Holocene stratigraphy, chronology, and paleoceanographic observations on some North Atlantic sediment drifts , 1989 .

[245]  Richard G. Fairbanks,et al.  Sea-Level Estimates during the Last Deglaciation Based on δ18O and Accelerator Mass Spectrometry 14C Ages Measured in Globigerina bulloides , 1989, Quaternary Research.

[246]  Alan C. Mix,et al.  Comparison between radiocarbon ages obtained on coexisting planktonic foraminifera , 1988 .

[247]  Laurel A Muehlhausen,et al.  Further evaluation of long-chain alkenones as indicators of paleoceanographic conditions , 1988 .

[248]  Wallace S. Broecker,et al.  Can the Greenland Climatic Jumps be Identified in Records from Ocean and Land? , 1988, Quaternary Research.

[249]  Michael Sarnthein,et al.  Global variations of surface ocean productivity in low and mid latitudes: Influence on CO2 reservoirs of the deep ocean and atmosphere during the last 21,000 years , 1988 .

[250]  Laurent Labeyrie,et al.  Deepwater source variations during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the global deepwater circulation , 1988 .

[251]  John S. Vogel,et al.  The response of benthic foraminifera to productivity cycles in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Faunal and geochemical constraints on glacial bottom water oxygen levels , 1988 .

[252]  Thomas J. Crowley,et al.  The δ13C of equatorial Atlantic surface waters: Implications for Ice Age pCO2 levels , 1987 .

[253]  Edward A. Boyle,et al.  Comparison of Atlantic and Pacific paleochemical records for the last 215,000 years : changes in deep ocean circulation and chemical inventories , 1985 .

[254]  Laurent Labeyrie,et al.  Changes in the oceanic 13C/12C ratio during the last 140 000 years: High-latitude surface water records , 1985 .

[255]  J. D. Hays,et al.  The Last Interglacial Ocean , 1984, Quaternary Research.

[256]  Nicholas J Shackleton,et al.  Planktonic foraminiferal and oxygen isotopic stratigraphy and paleoclimatology of Norwegian Sea deep‐sea cores , 1978 .

[257]  J. D. Hays,et al.  Variations in the Earth ' s Orbit : Pacemaker of the Ice Ages Author ( s ) : , 2022 .

[258]  T. Ku,et al.  Age studies of Mid-Atlantic Ridge sediments near 42°N and 20°N , 1972 .

[259]  Fk Ball,et al.  Sea Surface Temperatures , 1954 .

[260]  H. Urey,et al.  Oxygen Isotopes in Nature and in the Laboratory. , 1948, Science.

[261]  Michael Langner,et al.  Technical Note: PaleoDataView – A software toolbox for the collection, homogenization and visualization of marine proxy data , 2019 .

[262]  Laia Comas-Bru,et al.  Piecing Together the Big Picture on Water and Climate , 2018 .

[263]  Michel Crucifix,et al.  The PMIP 4 contribution to CMIP 6 – Part 1 : Overview and overarching analysis plan , 2018 .

[264]  L. Lisiecki,et al.  Regional and global benthic  18 O stacks for the last glacial cycle , 2016 .

[265]  Lindsay Wilson,et al.  Detrital carbonate peaks on the Labrador shelf, a 13–7 ka template for freshwater forcing from the Hudson Strait outlet of the Laurentide Ice Sheet into the subpolar gyre , 2015 .

[266]  C. Buck,et al.  IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP , 2013, Radiocarbon.

[267]  E. Mosley‐Thompson,et al.  Abrupt climate change : mechanisms, patterns, and impacts , 2011 .

[268]  K. Suzuki,et al.  Ventilation of the Deep Southern Ocean and Deglacial CO 2 Rise , 2010 .

[269]  A. Morenob,et al.  Evidence of abrupt changes in Western Mediterranean Deep Water circulation during the last 50 kyr: A high-resolution marine record from the Balearic Sea , 2008 .

[270]  C. Hillaire‐Marcel,et al.  Proxies in late cenozoic paleoceanography , 2007 .

[271]  Dirk Nürnberg,et al.  RV SONNE cruise report SO164 RASTA: Rapid climate changes in the western tropical Atlantic - Assessment of the biogenous and sedimentary record, Balboa - Balboa, May 22 - June 28, 2002 , 2003 .

[272]  A. Bouwman,et al.  340,000-Year Centennial-Scale Marine Record of Southern Hemisphere Climatic Oscillation , 2003 .

[273]  Gerold Wefer,et al.  Upwelling intensity and filament activity off Morocco during the last 250,000 years , 2002 .

[274]  Helge Meggers,et al.  Glacial–interglacial variability of particle accumulation in the Canary Basin: a time-slice approach , 2002 .

[275]  K. Lambeck,et al.  Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records , 2002 .

[276]  C. Waelbroecka,et al.  Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records , 2001 .

[277]  James P. Kennett,et al.  Millennial-scale compositional variations in late Quaternary sediments at site 1017, southern California , 2000 .

[278]  J. P. Kennett,et al.  LATEST QUATERNARY PALEOCLIMATIC AND RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY , HOLE 1017 E , SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MARGIN , 2000 .

[279]  James P. Kennett,et al.  21. LATEST QUATERNARY PALEOCLIMATIC AND RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY, HOLE 1017E, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MARGIN 1 , 2000 .

[280]  Mitchell W Lyle,et al.  11. MILLENNIAL-SCALE CaCO 3 AND C ORG EVENTS ALONG THE NORTHERN AND CENTRAL CALIFORNIA MARGINS: STRATIGRAPHY AND ORIGINS 1 , 2000 .

[281]  Karin Lochte,et al.  Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven, Germany , 2000 .

[282]  Christian Matthias Hüls,et al.  Millennial-scale SST variability as inferred from planktonic foraminiferal census counts in the western subtropical Atlantic , 1999 .

[283]  Robert S. Webb,et al.  Mechanisms of global climate change at millennial time scales , 1999 .

[284]  Thomas Richter,et al.  Sedimentary fluxes at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: sediment sources, accumulation rates, and geochemical characterisation , 1998 .

[285]  W. Curry,et al.  Late Quaternary Deep Circulation in the Western Equatorial Atlantic , 1996 .

[286]  S. Nam,et al.  Late Quaternary glacial history and paleoceanographic reconstructions along the East Greenland continental margin: Evidence from high-resolution records of stable isotopes and ice-rafted debris , 1996 .

[287]  Alan C. Mix,et al.  Benthic foraminiferal stable isotope stratigraphy of Site 846 : 0-1.8 Ma , 1995 .

[288]  Alan C. Mix,et al.  The oxygen-isotope record of glaciation , 1987 .

[289]  Wallace S. Broecker,et al.  The Carbon cycle and atmospheric CO[2] : natural variations Archean to present , 1985 .

[290]  M. Stuiver,et al.  Discussion Reporting of 14C Data , 1977, Radiocarbon.

[291]  The surface of the ice-age Earth. , 1976, Science.

[292]  Deglacial development of (sub) sea surface temperature and salinity in the subarctic northwest Paci fi c: Implications for upper-ocean strati fi cation , 2022 .