Metakaolin: a versatile material to enhance the durability of concrete – an overview

The utilisation of calcined clay in the form of metakaolin as a pozzolan for concrete has received considerable interest in recent years. The use of metakaolin as a mineral admixture for concrete is a well-documented practice. Metakaolin is a quality enhancing pozzolan for concrete. In this review paper the work done by various researchers on the effect of the addition of metakaolin to modify the properties of concrete are documented; source and manufacture, fresh concrete properties, hardened concrete and durability. From the survey it is concluded that metakaolin enhances early strength in concrete through a filler effect. Metakaolin also enhances long-term strength and durability of concrete and corrosion resistance. Less work has been carried out in corrosion studies and some of these works are highlighted in this review paper.

[1]  Michael A. Caldarone,et al.  High Reactivity Metakaolin (HRM): A New Generation Mineral Admixture for High Performance Concrete , 1994 .

[2]  Edward J. Garboczi,et al.  Effects of cement particle size distribution on performance properties of Portland cement-based materials , 1999 .

[3]  Michael D. A. Thomas,et al.  The effect of metakaolin on alkali-silica reaction in concrete , 2000 .

[4]  Adam Neville.  Creep of Concrete and Behavior of Structures Part I: Problems , 2002 .

[5]  W. McWhinnie,et al.  The solid state chemistry of metakaolin-blended ordinary Portland cement , 2000 .

[6]  D. M. Roy,et al.  Effect of silica fume, metakaolin, and low-calcium fly ash on chemical resistance of concrete , 2001 .

[7]  Nabajyoti Saikia,et al.  Hydration behaviour of lime–co-calcined kaolin–petroleum effluent treatment plant sludge , 2002 .

[8]  J. G. Cabrera,et al.  The effect that the pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin has on the heat evolution in metakaolin-cement mortars , 2000 .

[9]  J. Bai,et al.  Investigation of the temperature change and heat evolution of mortar incorporating PFA and metakaolin , 2002 .

[10]  C. Poon,et al.  Rate of pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin in high-performance cement pastes , 2001 .

[11]  S. Alonso,et al.  Calorimetric study of alkaline activation of calcium hydroxide–metakaolin solid mixtures , 2001 .

[12]  J. Bai,et al.  Sorptivity and strength of air-cured and water-cured PC–PFA–MK concrete and the influence of binder composition on carbonation depth , 2002 .

[13]  Min-Hong Zhang,et al.  Characteristics of a thermally activated alumino-silicate pozzolanic material and its use in concrete , 1995 .

[14]  F. Glasser,et al.  Zinc oxide in Portland cement. Part II: hydration, strength gain and hydrate mineralogy , 2000 .

[15]  N. Al-Akhras.  Durability of metakaolin concrete to sulfate attack , 2006 .

[16]  J. Bai,et al.  Self-compensating autogenous shrinkage in Portland cement—metakaolin—fly ash pastes , 2000 .

[17]  C. Page,et al.  Effects of metakaolin, water/binder ratio and interfacial transition zones on the microhardness of cement mortars , 2002 .

[18]  J. G. Cabrera,et al.  Influence of MK on the reaction kinetics in MK/lime and MK-blended cement systems at 20°C , 2001 .

[19]  J. G. Cabrera,et al.  The effect of temperature on the hydration rate and stability of the hydration phases of metakaolin–lime–water systems , 2002 .

[20]  J. G. Cabrera,et al.  Pore size distribution and degree of hydration of metakaolin–cement pastes , 2000 .

[21]  S. Tsivilis,et al.  EXPLOITATION OF POOR GREEK KAOLINS: STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF METAKAOLIN CONCRETE AND EVALUATION BY MEANS OF K-VALUE , 2004 .

[22]  J. Brooks,et al.  Effect of metakaolin on creep and shrinkage of concrete , 2001 .

[23]  W. Aquino,et al.  The influence of metakaolin and silica fume on the chemistry of alkali-silica reaction products , 2001 .

[24]  Jamal M. Khatib,et al.  Pore size distribution of metakaolin paste , 1996 .

[25]  S. Wild,et al.  Chemical shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage of Portland cement—metakaolin pastes , 1998 .

[26]  J. Bai,et al.  Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: a review , 2001 .

[27]  Haihong Li,et al.  Synthesis and mechanical properties of metakaolinite-based geopolymer , 2005 .

[28]  S. Wild,et al.  Relative strength, pozzolanic activity and cement hydration in superplasticised metakaolin concrete , 1996 .

[29]  J. Pera,et al.  Hydration reaction and hardening of calcined clays and related minerals V. Extension of the research and general conclusions , 1985 .

[30]  Zongjin Li,et al.  Effects of Metakaolin and Silica Fume on Properties of Concrete , 2002 .

[31]  Fredrik P. Glasser,et al.  Alkali releases from crushed minerals and thermally activated constituents of metakaolin , 2003 .