Integration and Exploitation of Sensor Data in Smart Cities through Event-Driven Applications

Smart cities are urban environments where Internet of Things (IoT) devices provide a continuous source of data about urban phenomena such as traffic and air pollution. The exploitation of the spatial properties of data enables situation and context awareness. However, the integration and analysis of data from IoT sensing devices remain a crucial challenge for the development of IoT applications in smart cities. Existing approaches provide no or limited ability to perform spatial data analysis, even when spatial information plays a significant role in decision making across many disciplines. This work proposes a generic approach to enabling spatiotemporal capabilities in information services for smart cities. We adopted a multidisciplinary approach to achieving data integration and real-time processing, and developed a reference architecture for the development of event-driven applications. This type of applications seamlessly integrates IoT sensing devices, complex event processing, and spatiotemporal analytics through a processing workflow for the detection of geographic events. Through the implementation and testing of a system prototype, built upon an existing sensor network, we demonstrated the feasibility, performance, and scalability of event-driven applications to achieve real-time processing capabilities and detect geographic events.

[1]  Feng Gao,et al.  Real-time Complex Event Processing and Analytics for Smart Grid , 2015, Complex Adaptive Systems.

[2]  Michael Eckert,et al.  Complex Event Processing (CEP) , 2009, Informatik-Spektrum.

[3]  Christoph Stasch,et al.  New Generation Sensor Web Enablement , 2011, Sensors.

[4]  Bing Zhu,et al.  Exploring Urban Dynamics Based on Pervasive Sensing: Correlation Analysis of Traffic Density and Air Quality , 2012, 2012 Sixth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing.

[5]  Neil Immerman,et al.  On complexity and optimization of expensive queries in complex event processing , 2014, SIGMOD Conference.

[6]  Minos N. Garofalakis,et al.  Issues in complex event processing: Status and prospects in the Big Data era , 2017, J. Syst. Softw..

[7]  Yanlei Diao,et al.  SASE: Complex Event Processing over Streams , 2006, ArXiv.

[8]  Silvia Rossi,et al.  An Architecture for a Mobility Recommender System in Smart Cities , 2016, EUSPN/ICTH.

[9]  Simon Elias Bibri,et al.  The core enabling technologies of big data analytics and context-aware computing for smart sustainable cities: a review and synthesis , 2017, Journal of Big Data.

[10]  Giordano Tamburrelli,et al.  Introducing uncertainty in complex event processing: model, implementation, and validation , 2014, Computing.

[11]  Carlo Ratti,et al.  Eigenplaces: Analysing Cities Using the Space–Time Structure of the Mobile Phone Network , 2009 .

[12]  Johannes Gehrke,et al.  Cayuga: A General Purpose Event Monitoring System , 2007, CIDR.

[13]  Khaled Shaalan,et al.  Using Arabic Social Media Feeds for Incident and Emergency Management in Smart Cities , 2018, 2018 3rd International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech).

[14]  Gennady L. Andrienko,et al.  Interactive analysis of event data using space-time cube , 2004, Proceedings. Eighth International Conference on Information Visualisation, 2004. IV 2004..

[15]  Sonali Agarwal,et al.  Real time complex event processing and analytics for smart building , 2017, 2017 Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT).

[16]  Diego López-de-Ipiña,et al.  Citizen-centric data services for smarter cities , 2017, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[17]  Christoph Stasch,et al.  Geospatial IoT - The Need for Event-Driven Architectures in Contemporary Spatial Data Infrastructures , 2018, ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf..

[18]  Chu-Sing Yang,et al.  Data analytics for internet of things: A review , 2018, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Data Min. Knowl. Discov..

[19]  Marco Aurélio Gerosa,et al.  Software Platforms for Smart Cities , 2016, ACM Comput. Surv..

[20]  Yang Koo Lee,et al.  Design of Sensor Data Processing Steps in an Air Pollution Monitoring System , 2011, Sensors.

[21]  Abdelsalam Helal,et al.  Scalable Cloud–Sensor Architecture for the Internet of Things , 2016, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[22]  Alexandra Moraru COMPLEX EVENT PROCESSING AND DATA MINING FOR SMART CITIES , 2012 .

[23]  George Valkanas,et al.  An architecture for detecting events in real-time using massive heterogeneous data sources , 2013, BigMine '13.

[24]  Bin Cheng,et al.  Building a Big Data Platform for Smart Cities: Experience and Lessons from Santander , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Congress on Big Data.

[25]  Chris S. Renschler,et al.  A formal model to infer geographic events from sensor observations , 2015, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[26]  Linlin You,et al.  Smart cities, urban sensing, and big data: mining geo-location in social networks , 2017 .

[27]  Talal Shaikh,et al.  Aura Minora: A user centric IOT architecture for Smart City , 2016, BDAW '16.

[28]  Prem Prakash Jayaraman,et al.  Internet of things: from internet scale sensing to smart services , 2016, Computing.

[29]  Daniele D. Giusto,et al.  IoT Architecture for a Sustainable Tourism Application in a Smart City Environment , 2017, Mob. Inf. Syst..

[30]  Matteo Gaeta,et al.  An approach based on semantic stream reasoning to support decision processes in smart cities , 2018, Telematics Informatics.

[31]  Michael Batty,et al.  Big data, smart cities and city planning , 2013, Dialogues in human geography.

[32]  Armin Gruen,et al.  SMART Cities: The need for spatial intelligence , 2013, Geo spatial Inf. Sci..

[33]  P. Nijkamp,et al.  Smart Cities in Europe , 2011 .

[34]  Peter R. Pietzuch,et al.  Distributed complex event processing with query rewriting , 2009, DEBS '09.

[35]  David Luckham,et al.  The power of events - an introduction to complex event processing in distributed enterprise systems , 2002, RuleML.

[36]  Awais Ahmad,et al.  Urban planning and building smart cities based on the Internet of Things using Big Data analytics , 2016, Comput. Networks.

[37]  Subha P. Eswaran,et al.  Event Driven Opportunistic Communication Enabler for Smart City , 2014, 2014 Eighth International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Apps, Services and Technologies.

[38]  Omran Saleh,et al.  Distributed Complex Event Processing in Sensor Networks , 2013, 2013 IEEE 14th International Conference on Mobile Data Management.

[39]  Paul W. P. J. Grefen,et al.  Towards a Methodology for the Engineering of Event-Driven Process Applications , 2016, Business Process Management Workshops.

[40]  Stéphane Roche Geographic Information Science I , 2014 .

[41]  George Suciu,et al.  Smart Cities Built on Resilient Cloud Computing and Secure Internet of Things , 2013, 2013 19th International Conference on Control Systems and Computer Science.

[42]  Jie Xu,et al.  Service-Oriented Reference Architecture for Smart Cities , 2017, 2017 IEEE Symposium on Service-Oriented System Engineering (SOSE).

[43]  Ralf Tönjes,et al.  CityPulse: Large Scale Data Analytics Framework for Smart Cities , 2016, IEEE Access.

[44]  Xavier Masip-Bruin,et al.  Estimating Smart City sensors data generation , 2016, 2016 Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking Workshop (Med-Hoc-Net).

[45]  Ming-Whei Feng,et al.  Complex event processing for the Internet of Things and its applications , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE).

[46]  Yuan Yao,et al.  Big data in smart cities , 2015, Science China Information Sciences.

[47]  Asterios Katsifodimos,et al.  Apache Flink: Stream Analytics at Scale , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering Workshop (IC2EW).

[48]  Ilsun You,et al.  Understanding urban dynamics based on pervasive sensing: An experimental study on traffic density and air pollution , 2013, Math. Comput. Model..

[49]  Meng Ma,et al.  Data Management for Internet of Things: Challenges, Approaches and Opportunities , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Communications and IEEE Internet of Things and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing.

[50]  Ugur Çetintemel,et al.  Plan-based complex event detection across distributed sources , 2008, Proc. VLDB Endow..

[51]  Gerhard P. Hancke,et al.  The Role of Advanced Sensing in Smart Cities , 2012, Sensors.

[52]  Michael Grossniklaus,et al.  Situation monitoring of urban areas using social media data streams , 2016, Inf. Syst..

[53]  Carlo Ghezzi,et al.  TRIO: A logic language for executable specifications of real-time systems , 1990, J. Syst. Softw..

[54]  Dimitrios Gunopulos,et al.  Intelligent Urban Data Monitoring for Smart Cities , 2016, ECML/PKDD.

[55]  Alessandro Margara,et al.  Processing flows of information: From data stream to complex event processing , 2012, CSUR.

[56]  Dong Wang,et al.  A Novel Complex Event Processing Engine for Intelligent Data Analysis in Integrated Information Systems , 2016, Int. J. Distributed Sens. Networks.

[57]  Michael F. Worboys,et al.  From Objects to Events: GEM, the Geospatial Event Model , 2004, GIScience.

[58]  M. Ali,et al.  Real-Time IoT Stream Processing and Large-scale Data Analytics for Smart City Applications , 2014 .

[59]  Alessandro Margara,et al.  TESLA: a formally defined event specification language , 2010, DEBS '10.

[60]  Evangelos Theodoridis,et al.  SmartSantander: IoT experimentation over a smart city testbed , 2014, Comput. Networks.

[61]  M. Yuan Representing Complex Geographic Phenomena in GIS , 2001 .

[62]  Alessandro Margara,et al.  Complex event processing with T-REX , 2012, J. Syst. Softw..

[63]  Haibo He,et al.  A Hierarchical Distributed Fog Computing Architecture for Big Data Analysis in Smart Cities , 2015, ASE BD&SI.

[64]  Huajun Chen,et al.  Forecasting Public Transit Use by Crowdsensing and Semantic Trajectory Mining: Case Studies , 2016, ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf..

[65]  U. Berardi,et al.  Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives , 2015 .

[66]  Javier Morales,et al.  GeoSmart cities: Event-driven geoprocessing as enabler of smart cities , 2015, 2015 IEEE First International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2).

[67]  Rocio Maciel,et al.  Framework for the Analysis of Smart Cities Models , 2018 .

[68]  Ahmed M. Shahat Osman A novel big data analytics framework for smart cities , 2019, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[69]  Srinath Perera,et al.  Siddhi: a second look at complex event processing architectures , 2011, GCE '11.

[70]  Kate Beard,et al.  A Framework for Visualization and Exploration of Events , 2008, Inf. Vis..

[71]  Christopher N. Eichelberger,et al.  A survey of techniques and open-source tools for processing streams of spatio-temporal events , 2016, IWGS@SIGSPATIAL.

[72]  Jinwei Hao,et al.  The rise of big data on urban studies and planning practices in China: Review and open research issues , 2015 .

[73]  Mario Bravetti,et al.  Analysis of temporal complex events in sensor networks , 2017, J. Inf. Telecommun..

[74]  J. Rak,et al.  Smart Cities , 2018, Computer Communications and Networks.

[75]  Donna Peuquet,et al.  An Event-Based Spatiotemporal Data Model (ESTDM) for Temporal Analysis of Geographical Data , 1995, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[76]  Werner Kuhn,et al.  Core concepts of spatial information for transdisciplinary research , 2012, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..