Aerobic fitness and healthy brain aging : cognition, brain structure, and dopamine

Background: Performing aerobic exercise and maintaining high levels of aerobic fitness may have positive effects on both brain structure and function in older adults. Despite decades of research ho ...

[1]  Jonathan Hutchinson,et al.  What? When? And How? , 1890, The Hospital.

[2]  A. G. Bills The Influence of Muscular Tension on the Efficiency of Mental Work , 1927 .

[3]  A. Carlsson,et al.  3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-Hydroxytryptophan as Reserpine Antagonists , 1957, Nature.

[4]  W. Kirchner Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information. , 1958, Journal of experimental psychology.

[5]  Murdock,et al.  The serial position effect of free recall , 1962 .

[6]  J R Levin,et al.  Pictorial and verbal factors in the efficient learning of paired associates. , 1967, Journal of educational psychology.

[7]  G. Borg Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. , 2019, Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine.

[8]  E. Tulving,et al.  Episodic and semantic memory , 1972 .

[9]  D. Navon Forest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception , 1977, Cognitive Psychology.

[10]  W H Oldendorf,et al.  Comparison of lipid-mediated blood-brain-barrier penetrability in neonates and adults. , 1982, The American journal of physiology.

[11]  Robert E. Dustman,et al.  Aerobic exercise training and improved neuropsychological function of older individuals , 1984, Neurobiology of Aging.

[12]  K. Johnson An Update. , 1984, Journal of food protection.

[13]  C. Caspersen,et al.  Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. , 1985, Public health reports.

[14]  B. Yamamoto,et al.  Regional brain dopamine metabolism: a marker for the speed, direction, and posture of moving animals. , 1985, Science.

[15]  John M. de Castro,et al.  Operantly conditioned running: Effects on brain catecholamine concentrations and receptor densities in the rat , 1985, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.

[16]  Robert C. Wolpert,et al.  A Review of the , 1985 .

[17]  G. Sedvall,et al.  Quantitative analysis of D2 dopamine receptor binding in the living human brain by PET. , 1986, Science.

[18]  Philip Seeman,et al.  Human brain dopamine receptors in children and aging adults , 1987, Synapse.

[19]  D J Madden,et al.  Effects of aerobic exercise training, age, and physical fitness on memory-search performance. , 1988, Psychology and aging.

[20]  M. Stones,et al.  Age, exercise, and coding performance. , 1989, Psychology and aging.

[21]  [Effects of size of letters on selective identification of letters]. , 1989, Shinrigaku kenkyu : The Japanese journal of psychology.

[22]  R. Kronmal,et al.  The Cardiovascular Health Study: design and rationale. , 1991, Annals of epidemiology.

[23]  F. Hefti,et al.  Promotion of central cholinergic and dopaminergic neuron differentiation by brain-derived neurotrophic factor but not neurotrophin 3. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  G. Yancopoulos,et al.  BDNF is a neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra , 1991, Nature.

[25]  Hitoo Nishino,et al.  Striatal dopamine turnover during treadmill running in the rat: Relation to the speed of running , 1994, Brain Research Bulletin.

[26]  K. Moore,et al.  Physical Fitness and Cognitive Functioning in Aging , 1994, Exercise and sport sciences reviews.

[27]  R. Emmerson,et al.  Physical Activity, Age, and Cognitive- Neuropsychological Function , 1994 .

[28]  E. Kandel,et al.  D1/D5 receptor agonists induce a protein synthesis-dependent late potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[29]  Waneen W. Spirduso,et al.  Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in the Elderly , 1995 .

[30]  C. Cotman,et al.  Exercise and brain neurotrophins , 1995, Nature.

[31]  R. West,et al.  An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. , 1996, Psychological bulletin.

[32]  G. Kreutzberg Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS , 1996, Trends in Neurosciences.

[33]  J S Fowler,et al.  PET evaluation of the dopamine system of the human brain. , 1996, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[34]  Ulla Ruotsalainen,et al.  A PET Study on the Acute Effect of Ethanol on Striatal D2 Dopamine Receptors with [11C]Raclopride in Healthy Males , 1997 .

[35]  J. Morrison,et al.  Life and death of neurons in the aging brain. , 1997, Science.

[36]  K. Leenders,et al.  Long‐term changes of striatal dopamine D2 Receptors in patients with Parkinson's disease: A study with positron emission tomography and [11C]Raclopride , 1997, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[37]  F. Gage,et al.  Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus , 1998, Nature Medicine.

[38]  Faith M. Gunning-Dixon,et al.  Differential aging of the human striatum: a prospective MR imaging study. , 1998, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[39]  E. Kandel,et al.  Cognitive Neuroscience and the Study of Memory , 1998, Neuron.

[40]  Faith M. Gunning-Dixon,et al.  Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive aging: evidence from structural magnetic resonance imaging. , 1998, Neuropsychology.

[41]  Alan S. Miller,et al.  A Latent Variable Analysis of General Strain Theory , 1998 .

[42]  F. Gage,et al.  Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus , 1999, Nature Neuroscience.

[43]  Catherine R. Harrison,et al.  Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function , 1999, Nature.

[44]  T J Sejnowski,et al.  Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[45]  J. Logan Graphical analysis of PET data applied to reversible and irreversible tracers. , 1999, Nuclear medicine and biology.

[46]  T. Sejnowski,et al.  Dopamine-mediated stabilization of delay-period activity in a network model of prefrontal cortex. , 2000, Journal of neurophysiology.

[47]  R. Dixon,et al.  Age-related cognitive deficits mediated by changes in the striatal dopamine system. , 2000, The American journal of psychiatry.

[48]  R. Cabeza,et al.  Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies , 2000, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[49]  W C Eckelman,et al.  Measurement of dopamine release with continuous infusion of [11C]raclopride: optimization and signal-to-noise considerations. , 2000, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[50]  T. Palmer,et al.  Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis , 2000, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[51]  Nikolaus R. McFarland,et al.  Striatonigrostriatal Pathways in Primates Form an Ascending Spiral from the Shell to the Dorsolateral Striatum , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[52]  J S Fowler,et al.  PET studies of the effects of aerobic exercise on human striatal dopamine release. , 2000, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[53]  E. Miller,et al.  An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. , 2001, Annual review of neuroscience.

[54]  J. Lindsay,et al.  Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. , 2001, Archives of neurology.

[55]  A. Floren,et al.  ' " ' " ' " . " ' " " " " " ' " ' " " " " " : ' " 1 , 2001 .

[56]  K Yaffe,et al.  A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk. , 2001, Archives of internal medicine.

[57]  Carl W. Cotman,et al.  Exercise Enhances and Protects Brain Function , 2002, Exercise and sport sciences reviews.

[58]  Pamela K. Smith,et al.  Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. , 2002, Psychology and aging.

[59]  Yaakov Stern,et al.  Cognitive Reserve: Implications for Assessment and Intervention , 2013, Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica.

[60]  Vincent Frouin,et al.  Correction of partial-volume effect for PET striatal imaging: fast implementation and study of robustness. , 2002, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[61]  E. Maguire,et al.  The Human Hippocampus and Spatial and Episodic Memory , 2002, Neuron.

[62]  Menno P. Witter,et al.  Place Cells and Place Recognition Maintained by Direct Entorhinal-Hippocampal Circuitry , 2002, Science.

[63]  賢二 鈴木 慢性副鼻腔炎に対するrandomized controlled study , 2002 .

[64]  J Tauscher,et al.  Dopamine depletion results in increased neostriatal D2, but not D1, receptor binding in humans , 2002, Molecular Psychiatry.

[65]  H. D. Morris,et al.  Prolonged exercise induces angiogenesis and increases cerebral blood volume in primary motor cortex of the rat , 2003, Neuroscience.

[66]  T. Salthouse,et al.  Executive functioning as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults. , 2003, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[67]  N. Cohen,et al.  Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans. , 2003, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[68]  D. Sutoo,et al.  Regulation of brain function by exercise , 2003, Neurobiology of Disease.

[69]  Bai Lu,et al.  BDNF and activity-dependent synaptic modulation. , 2003, Learning & memory.

[70]  Suzanne E. Welcome,et al.  Mapping cortical change across the human life span , 2003, Nature Neuroscience.

[71]  Gerd Kempermann,et al.  Regional effects of wheel running and environmental enrichment on cell genesis and microglia proliferation in the adult murine neocortex. , 2003, Cerebral cortex.

[72]  S. Haber,et al.  Imaging Human Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission with Positron Emission Tomography. Part II: Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in the Functional Subdivisions of the Striatum , 2003, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[73]  J. Seamans,et al.  The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex , 2004, Progress in Neurobiology.

[74]  Zhe Ying,et al.  Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition , 2004, The European journal of neuroscience.

[75]  B. Christie,et al.  Effects of voluntary exercise on synaptic plasticity and gene expression in the dentate gyrus of adult male sprague–dawley rats in vivo , 2004, Neuroscience.

[76]  Paige E. Scalf,et al.  Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[77]  B. Fisher,et al.  Exercise‐induced behavioral recovery and neuroplasticity in the 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐lesioned mouse basal ganglia , 2004, Journal of neuroscience research.

[78]  T. Walters,et al.  Endurance training effects on striatal D2 dopamine receptor binding and striatal dopamine metabolites in presenescent older rats , 1987, Psychopharmacology.

[79]  B. Winblad,et al.  Post-mortem distribution of dopamine and homo-vanillic acid in human brain, variations related to age, and a review of the literature , 2005, Journal of Neural Transmission.

[80]  L. Nyberg,et al.  Stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory: cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study. , 2005, Psychology and aging.

[81]  Richard P. Heitz,et al.  An automated version of the operation span task , 2005, Behavior research methods.

[82]  A. Bonci,et al.  Dopamine responsiveness is regulated by targeted sorting of D2 receptors. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[83]  S. Aalto,et al.  High intensity exercise decreases global brain glucose uptake in humans , 2005, The Journal of physiology.

[84]  Cheryl L. Dahle,et al.  Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: general trends, individual differences and modifiers. , 2005, Cerebral cortex.

[85]  T. Salthouse Relations between cognitive abilities and measures of executive functioning. , 2005, Neuropsychology.

[86]  Fred H. Gage,et al.  Exercise Enhances Learning and Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Aged Mice , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[87]  R. O’Reilly Biologically Based Computational Models of High-Level Cognition , 2006, Science.

[88]  Jie Li,et al.  Cerebral angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors in aging rats after exercise. , 2006, Current neurovascular research.

[89]  Jennifer L. Etnier,et al.  A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance , 2006, Brain Research Reviews.

[90]  F. Gomez-Pinilla,et al.  Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function , 2006, Neuroscience.

[91]  L. Nyberg,et al.  The correlative triad among aging, dopamine, and cognition: Current status and future prospects , 2006, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[92]  M. Schmitter-Edgecombe,et al.  Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks following severe closed-head injury. , 2006, Neuropsychology.

[93]  Arthur F. Kramer,et al.  Interactive effects of fitness and hormone treatment on brain health in postmenopausal women , 2007, Neurobiology of Aging.

[94]  Carl W. Cotman,et al.  Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation , 2007, Trends in Neurosciences.

[95]  V. Gudnason,et al.  Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study: multidisciplinary applied phenomics. , 2007, American journal of epidemiology.

[96]  John P. Walsh,et al.  Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Dopaminergic Transmission in the 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Lesioned Mouse Model of Basal Ganglia Injury , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[97]  A. Russo-Neustadt,et al.  Running exercise- and antidepressant-induced increases in growth and survival-associated signaling molecules are IGF-dependent , 2007, Growth factors.

[98]  Fred H. Gage,et al.  An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[99]  Mark W. Woolrich,et al.  Probabilistic diffusion tractography with multiple fibre orientations: What can we gain? , 2007, NeuroImage.

[100]  Elizabeth Gould,et al.  Running induces widespread structural alterations in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex , 2007, Hippocampus.

[101]  S. Knecht,et al.  High impact running improves learning , 2007, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.

[102]  Frederico C. Pereira,et al.  Influence of Chronic Exercise on the Amphetamine‐Induced Dopamine Release and Neurodegeneration in the Striatum of the Rat , 2008, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[103]  Joakim Ekstrand,et al.  Environmental enrichment, exercise and corticosterone affect endothelial cell proliferation in adult rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex , 2008, Neuroscience Letters.

[104]  Till Sprenger,et al.  The runner's high: opioidergic mechanisms in the human brain. , 2008, Cerebral cortex.

[105]  Monica Fabiani,et al.  Neuroanatomical correlates of aging, cardiopulmonary fitness level, and education. , 2008, Psychophysiology.

[106]  Simon Cervenka,et al.  Associations between dopamine D2-receptor binding and cognitive performance indicate functional compartmentalization of the human striatum , 2008, NeuroImage.

[107]  Anthonin Reilhac,et al.  Simulation-based evaluation of OSEM iterative reconstruction methods in dynamic brain PET studies , 2008, NeuroImage.

[108]  Y. Tokuda,et al.  Trust in the mass media and the healthcare system, interpersonal trust and self-rated health: a population-based study in Japan. , 2008 .

[109]  A. Kramer,et al.  Can training in a real-time strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older adults? , 2008, Psychology and aging.

[110]  Cindee M. Madison,et al.  Relationship of Striatal Dopamine Synthesis Capacity to Age and Cognition , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[111]  Pradeep J Nathan,et al.  Small effect of dopamine release and no effect of dopamine depletion on [18F]fallypride binding in healthy humans , 2007, Synapse.

[112]  Lars Bäckman,et al.  Transfer of Learning After Updating Training Mediated by the Striatum , 2008, Science.

[113]  Luc Vanhees,et al.  P2.002 Physical activity and enhanced fitness improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment, a Cochrane Systematic Review , 2008 .

[114]  Ulman Lindenberger,et al.  Cognitive plasticity in adulthood and old age: gauging the generality of cognitive intervention effects. , 2009, Restorative neurology and neuroscience.

[115]  J T O'Brien,et al.  Medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI differentiates Alzheimer's disease from dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular cognitive impairment: a prospective study with pathological verification of diagnosis. , 2009, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[116]  Henriette Pilegaard,et al.  Evidence for a release of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise , 2009, Experimental physiology.

[117]  Hauke R. Heekeren,et al.  Dopaminergic modulation of cognition in human aging , 2009 .

[118]  A. Dale,et al.  One-Year Brain Atrophy Evident in Healthy Aging , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[119]  Mitul A. Mehta,et al.  The dopaminergic basis of human behaviors: A review of molecular imaging studies , 2009, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[120]  S. Rubin,et al.  Predictors of maintaining cognitive function in older adults , 2009, Neurology.

[121]  Gerd Kempermann,et al.  Additive Effects of Physical Exercise and Environmental Enrichment on Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice , 2009, Front. Neurogenesis.

[122]  J. Talbott,et al.  Cardiorespiratory fitness and brain atrophy in early Alzheimer disease , 2009 .

[123]  Kjell Någren,et al.  C957T polymorphism of dopamine D2 receptor gene affects striatal DRD2 in vivo availability by changing the receptor affinity , 2009, Synapse.

[124]  Individual differences in personality traits are associated with striatal dopamine D2 receptor availability: A [ 11 C] raclopride PET study , 2009 .

[125]  B. O'dowd,et al.  Calcium signaling cascade links dopamine D1–D2 receptor heteromer to striatal BDNF production and neuronal growth , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[126]  J. Donnelly,et al.  Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Preserved Medial Temporal Lobe Volume in Alzheimer Disease , 2009, Alzheimer disease and associated disorders.

[127]  R. Roetzheim,et al.  Aerobic Exercise Enhances Cognitive Flexibility , 2009, Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings.

[128]  E. McAuley,et al.  Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans , 2009, Hippocampus.

[129]  Klaus Bös,et al.  Impact of aerobic exercise training on cognitive functions and affect associated to the COMT polymorphism in young adults , 2010, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.

[130]  Stephan Lewandowsky,et al.  The components of working memory updating: an experimental decomposition and individual differences. , 2010, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[131]  Vijay K. Venkatraman,et al.  Psychomotor speed and functional brain MRI 2 years after completing a physical activity treatment. , 2010, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[132]  E. McAuley,et al.  Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience Aging Neuroscience , 2022 .

[133]  Steven G. Ross,et al.  Application and Evaluation of a Measured Spatially Variant System Model for PET Image Reconstruction , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[134]  Peter Falkai,et al.  Hippocampal plasticity in response to exercise in schizophrenia. , 2010, Archives of general psychiatry.

[135]  Anders M. Dale,et al.  Automatic parcellation of human cortical gyri and sulci using standard anatomical nomenclature , 2010, NeuroImage.

[136]  B. Winblad,et al.  The effect of midlife physical activity on structural brain changes in the elderly , 2010, Neurobiology of Aging.

[137]  A. Schatzkin,et al.  Physical activities and future risk of Parkinson disease , 2010, Neurology.

[138]  R. Leahy,et al.  Exercise elevates dopamine D2 receptor in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease: In vivo imaging with [18F]fallypride , 2010, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[139]  Glen E Duncan,et al.  Aerobic exercise improves cognition for older adults with glucose intolerance, a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. , 2010, Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD.

[140]  M. Andersson,et al.  Longitudinal evidence for diminished frontal cortex function in aging , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[141]  K. J. Lee,et al.  Effects of aerobic exercise training on cognitive function and cortical vascularity in monkeys , 2010, Neuroscience.

[142]  Stefan Knecht,et al.  Physical activity and memory functions: Are neurotrophins and cerebral gray matter volume the missing link? , 2010, NeuroImage.

[143]  Mark Slifstein,et al.  Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine release measured with PET and [18F] fallypride , 2010, Synapse.

[144]  Ben Godde,et al.  Physical and motor fitness are both related to cognition in old age , 2010, The European journal of neuroscience.

[145]  M. D’Esposito,et al.  Inverted-U–Shaped Dopamine Actions on Human Working Memory and Cognitive Control , 2011, Biological Psychiatry.

[146]  Hans-Jochen Heinze,et al.  Functional phenotyping of successful aging in long‐term memory: Preserved performance in the absence of neural compensation , 2010, Hippocampus.

[147]  B. Franke,et al.  Human cognitive flexibility depends on dopamine D2 receptor signaling , 2011, Psychopharmacology.

[148]  E. McAuley,et al.  Cardiorespiratory fitness, hippocampal volume, and frequency of forgetting in older adults. , 2011, Neuropsychology.

[149]  Julie M. Bugg,et al.  Exercise moderates age-related atrophy of the medial temporal lobe , 2011, Neurobiology of Aging.

[150]  Tzu-Feng Wang,et al.  Running exercise protects the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons against inflammation-induced degeneration via the activation of BDNF signaling pathway , 2011, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[151]  Ben Godde,et al.  Human Neuroscience , 2009 .

[152]  Piero Antuono,et al.  Interactive effects of physical activity and APOE-ε4 on BOLD semantic memory activation in healthy elders , 2011, NeuroImage.

[153]  M. Fleshner,et al.  Long-term voluntary wheel running is rewarding and produces plasticity in the mesolimbic reward pathway , 2011, Behavioural Brain Research.

[154]  E. McAuley,et al.  Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[155]  Xue Hua,et al.  The effects of physical activity, education, and body mass index on the aging brain , 2011, Human brain mapping.

[156]  L. Nyberg,et al.  Memory aging and brain maintenance , 2012, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[157]  Jonas Persson,et al.  Longitudinal structure-function correlates in elderly reveal MTL dysfunction with cognitive decline. , 2012, Cerebral cortex.

[158]  A 6-Month Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous Immunoglobulins Versus Intravenous Methylprednisolone in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (Imc Study) , 2012 .

[159]  D. Head,et al.  The moderating role of exercise on stress-related effects on the hippocampus and memory in later adulthood. , 2012, Neuropsychology.

[160]  S. R. Alouche,et al.  Different protocols of physical exercise produce different effects on synaptic and structural proteins in motor areas of the rat brain , 2012, Brain Research.

[161]  E. Mohammadi,et al.  Barriers and facilitators related to the implementation of a physiological track and trigger system: A systematic review of the qualitative evidence , 2017, International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care.

[162]  Anatol C. Kreitzer,et al.  Plasticity in gray and white: neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning , 2012, Nature Neuroscience.

[163]  R. Buckner,et al.  The organization of the human striatum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. , 2012, Journal of neurophysiology.

[164]  I. Deary,et al.  Neuroprotective lifestyles and the aging brain , 2012, Neurology.

[165]  Denise Head,et al.  Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Aerobic Fitness in Obese Older Adults , 2012, Experimental aging research.

[166]  P. Scheltens,et al.  Dementia: Alzheimer pathology and vascular factors: from mutually exclusive to interaction. , 2012, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[167]  E. McAuley,et al.  The association between aerobic fitness and executive function is mediated by prefrontal cortex volume , 2012, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[168]  Bruce Fischl,et al.  Within-subject template estimation for unbiased longitudinal image analysis , 2012, NeuroImage.

[169]  L. Nyberg,et al.  Genetic and Lifestyle Predictors of 15‐Year Longitudinal Change in Episodic Memory , 2012, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[170]  Chobok Kim,et al.  Cardiorespiratory fitness is positively correlated with cerebral white matter integrity in healthy seniors , 2012, NeuroImage.

[171]  Arthur F. Kramer,et al.  Caudate Nucleus Volume Mediates the Link between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cognitive Flexibility in Older Adults , 2012, Journal of aging research.

[172]  Ulman Lindenberger,et al.  Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Review Structural Brain Plasticity in Adult Learning and Development , 2022 .

[173]  Quanzheng Li,et al.  Treadmill exercise elevates striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding potential in patients with early Parkinson’s disease , 2013, Neuroreport.

[174]  Victor Alves,et al.  A hitchhiker's guide to diffusion tensor imaging , 2012, Front. Neurosci..

[175]  Edward McAuley,et al.  The influence of aerobic fitness on cerebral white matter integrity and cognitive function in older adults: Results of a one‐year exercise intervention , 2013, Human brain mapping.

[176]  C. Hillman,et al.  The influence of exercise on cognitive abilities. , 2013, Comprehensive Physiology.

[177]  Claudia Voelcker-Rehage,et al.  Structural and functional brain changes related to different types of physical activity across the life span , 2013, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[178]  Jinsoo Uh,et al.  Masters athletes exhibit larger regional brain volume and better cognitive performance than sedentary older adults , 2013, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[179]  H. Praag,et al.  Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity , 2013, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[180]  Marc Roig,et al.  The effects of cardiovascular exercise on human memory: A review with meta-analysis , 2013, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[181]  Helgi B. Schiöth,et al.  Association between physical activity and brain health in older adults , 2013, Neurobiology of Aging.

[182]  Jarkko Johansson,et al.  Rostrocaudal gradients of dopamine D2/3 receptor binding in striatal subregions measured with [11C]raclopride and high-resolution positron emission tomography , 2013, NeuroImage.

[183]  Simon R. Arridge,et al.  What approach to brain partial volume correction is best for PET/MRI? , 2013 .

[184]  K. Erickson,et al.  Exercise Effects on Brain and Cognition in Older Adults , 2013 .

[185]  Adam M. Brickman,et al.  Poorer physical fitness is associated with reduced structural brain integrity in heart failure , 2013, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[186]  A. Vijayakumar,et al.  Comparison of Hippocampal Volume in Dementia Subtypes , 2012, ISRN radiology.

[187]  A. Rahmim,et al.  Resolution modeling in PET imaging: theory, practice, benefits, and pitfalls. , 2013, Medical physics.

[188]  M. Yücel,et al.  Thinning of the lateral prefrontal cortex during adolescence predicts emotion regulation in females. , 2014, Social cognitive and affective neuroscience.

[189]  Ben Godde,et al.  Not only cardiovascular, but also coordinative exercise increases hippocampal volume in older adults , 2014, Front. Aging Neurosci..

[190]  T. Schulze,et al.  Does body shaping influence brain shape? Habitual physical activity is linked to brain morphology independent of age , 2014, The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry.

[191]  Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz,et al.  How Does it STAC Up? Revisiting the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition , 2014, Neuropsychology Review.

[192]  Anders M. Fjell,et al.  Blood markers of fatty acids and vitamin D, cardiovascular measures, body mass index, and physical activity relate to longitudinal cortical thinning in normal aging , 2014, Neurobiology of Aging.

[193]  J. Dukart,et al.  Structural brain plasticity in Parkinson's disease induced by balance training , 2014, Neurobiology of Aging.

[194]  Lars Nyberg,et al.  Dopamine release in nucleus accumbens during rewarded task switching measured by [11C]raclopride , 2014, NeuroImage.

[195]  H. Heinze,et al.  Vascular hippocampal plasticity after aerobic exercise in older adults , 2014, Molecular Psychiatry.

[196]  N. Herrmann,et al.  Cardiopulmonary Fitness Correlates with Regional Cerebral Grey Matter Perfusion and Density in Men with Coronary Artery Disease , 2014, PloS one.

[197]  Timothy Edward John Behrens,et al.  Connectivity-based functional analysis of dopamine release in the striatum using diffusion-weighted MRI and positron emission tomography. , 2014, Cerebral cortex.

[198]  R. Sakurai,et al.  Regional cerebral glucose metabolism and gait speed in healthy community-dwelling older women. , 2014, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[199]  Kirk I. Erickson,et al.  Physical activity, fitness, and gray matter volume , 2014, Neurobiology of Aging.

[200]  R. P. Tracy,et al.  Physical activity, inflammation, and volume of the aging brain , 2014, Neuroscience.

[202]  Albert Jeltsch,et al.  COMT gene polymorphisms, cognitive performance, and physical fitness in older adults , 2015 .

[203]  E. Kandel,et al.  Structural Components of Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Consolidation. , 2015, Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology.

[204]  Kazuki Uemura,et al.  Moderate-intensity physical activity, hippocampal volume, and memory in older adults with mild cognitive impairment , 2015 .

[205]  Rajendra Kumar Shukla,et al.  Trans-blood brain barrier delivery of dopamine-loaded nanoparticles reverses functional deficits in parkinsonian rats. , 2015, ACS nano.

[206]  Joe R. Nocera,et al.  Self-reported physical activity and objective aerobic fitness: differential associations with gray matter density in healthy aging , 2015, Front. Aging Neurosci..

[207]  Daniel E Forman,et al.  Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with white matter integrity in aging , 2015, Annals of clinical and translational neurology.

[208]  L. Nyberg,et al.  Free Recall Episodic Memory Performance Predicts Dementia Ten Years prior to Clinical Diagnosis: Findings from the Betula Longitudinal Study , 2015, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra.

[209]  Jennifer Rusted,et al.  Aerobic exercise to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[210]  Theresa J. Smith,et al.  Improved Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated with Increased Cortical Thickness in Mild Cognitive Impairment , 2015, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[211]  A. Brickman,et al.  Daily Physical Activity Is Associated with Subcortical Brain Volume and Cognition in Heart Failure , 2015, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[212]  Agnieszka Z. Burzynska,et al.  Brain activation during dual-task processing is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and performance in older adults , 2015, Front. Aging Neurosci..

[213]  John Seibyl,et al.  Improved longitudinal [18F]-AV45 amyloid PET by white matter reference and VOI-based partial volume effect correction , 2015, NeuroImage.

[214]  Stine K. Krogsrud,et al.  Development and aging of cortical thickness correspond to genetic organization patterns , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[215]  M. Smeyne,et al.  HIF1α is necessary for exercise-induced neuroprotection while HIF2α is needed for dopaminergic neuron survival in the substantia nigra pars compacta , 2015, Neuroscience.

[216]  Adam T. Brockett,et al.  Physical Exercise Enhances Cognitive Flexibility as Well as Astrocytic and Synaptic Markers in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex , 2015, PloS one.

[217]  M. Andersson,et al.  COBRA: A prospective multimodal imaging study of dopamine, brain structure and function, and cognition , 2015, Brain Research.

[218]  Anja Veronica Witte,et al.  Combined omega-3 fatty acids, aerobic exercise and cognitive stimulation prevents decline in gray matter volume of the frontal, parietal and cingulate cortex in patients with mild cognitive impairment , 2016, NeuroImage.

[219]  Y. Stern,et al.  Differences between chronological and brain age are related to education and self-reported physical activity , 2016, Neurobiology of Aging.

[220]  F. Cendes,et al.  Relation between aerobic fitness and brain structures in amnestic mild cognitive impairment elderly , 2016, AGE.

[221]  Sung-Rae Cho,et al.  Environmental enrichment enhances synaptic plasticity by internalization of striatal dopamine transporters , 2016, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[222]  Xiaoying Tang,et al.  Hippocampal sub‐regional shape and physical activity in older adults , 2016, Hippocampus.

[223]  Emrah Duzel,et al.  Can physical exercise in old age improve memory and hippocampal function? , 2016, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[224]  Arthur F. Kramer,et al.  Fitness, but not physical activity, is related to functional integrity of brain networks associated with aging , 2016, NeuroImage.

[225]  Kirk I. Erickson,et al.  Mediators of Physical Activity on Neurocognitive Function: A Review at Multiple Levels of Analysis , 2016, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[226]  L. Nyberg,et al.  Dopamine D2 receptor availability is linked to hippocampal–caudate functional connectivity and episodic memory , 2016, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[227]  Henning Boecker,et al.  A perspective on the future role of brain pet imaging in exercise science , 2016, NeuroImage.

[228]  S. Overall Women Who Walk , 2016 .

[229]  T. Niyonsenga,et al.  A 6-month randomised controlled trial investigating effects of Mediterranean-style diet and fish oil supplementation on dietary behaviour change, mental and cardiometabolic health and health-related quality of life in adults with depression (HELFIMED): study protocol , 2016, BMC Nutrition.

[230]  G. Chételat,et al.  Distinct effects of late adulthood cognitive and physical activities on gray matter volume , 2017, Brain Imaging and Behavior.

[231]  Simone Kühn,et al.  Changes in fitness are associated with changes in hippocampal microstructure and hippocampal volume among older adults , 2016, NeuroImage.

[232]  Thomas E. Nichols,et al.  Multi-modal characterization of rapid anterior hippocampal volume increase associated with aerobic exercise , 2016, NeuroImage.

[233]  P. Sachdev,et al.  Therapeutically relevant structural and functional mechanisms triggered by physical and cognitive exercise , 2016, Molecular psychiatry.

[234]  Vyoma D. Shah,et al.  Aging Affects Dopaminergic Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Flexibility , 2016, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[235]  B. Godde,et al.  Senior Dance Experience, Cognitive Performance, and Brain Volume in Older Women , 2016, Neural plasticity.

[236]  J. Shoemaker,et al.  Impact of Long-Term Endurance Training vs. Guideline-Based Physical Activity on Brain Structure in Healthy Aging , 2016, Front. Aging Neurosci..

[237]  Lars Nyberg,et al.  Physical activity over a decade modifies age-related decline in perfusion, gray matter volume, and functional connectivity of the posterior default-mode network—A multimodal approach , 2016, NeuroImage.

[238]  Guillén Fernández,et al.  Physical Exercise Performed Four Hours after Learning Improves Memory Retention and Increases Hippocampal Pattern Similarity during Retrieval , 2016, Current Biology.

[239]  Edythe D London,et al.  Effect of Exercise Training on Striatal Dopamine D2/D3 Receptors in Methamphetamine Users during Behavioral Treatment , 2016, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[240]  Arthur F. Kramer,et al.  White matter microstructure mediates the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and spatial working memory in older adults , 2016, NeuroImage.

[241]  Victoria J. Williams,et al.  Cardiorespiratory fitness is differentially associated with cortical thickness in young and older adults , 2017, NeuroImage.

[242]  H. Soininen,et al.  Cardiorespiratory fitness and brain volumes in men and women in the FINGER study , 2017, Age and ageing.

[243]  Ronald L. Cowan,et al.  Reduced effects of age on dopamine D2 receptor levels in physically active adults , 2017, NeuroImage.

[244]  Lars Nyberg,et al.  Does Aerobic Exercise Influence Intrinsic Brain Activity? An Aerobic Exercise Intervention among Healthy Old Adults , 2017, Front. Aging Neurosci..

[245]  F. Q. Ribeiro The meta-analysis , 2017, Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology.

[246]  B. Röder,et al.  Balance training improves memory and spatial cognition in healthy adults , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[247]  Lars S. Jonasson,et al.  Aerobic Exercise Intervention, Cognitive Performance, and Brain Structure: Results from the Physical Influences on Brain in Aging (PHIBRA) Study , 2017, Front. Aging Neurosci..

[248]  L. Jonasson,et al.  Simulating effects of brain atrophy in longitudinal PET imaging with an anthropomorphic brain phantom. , 2017, Physics in medicine and biology.

[249]  Nicolas Cherbuin,et al.  Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis , 2017, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[250]  Sterling C. Johnson,et al.  Relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness, hippocampal volume, and episodic memory in a population at risk for Alzheimer's disease , 2017, Brain and behavior.

[251]  Ylva Köhncke Lifestyle, cognitive aging, and brain correlates , 2017 .

[252]  A. Hassanien,et al.  Review Study , 2018, Big Data Analytics.

[253]  P. Hoffman An individual differences approach to semantic cognition , 2018 .

[254]  INTERVENTIONAL STUDY , Statistical Methods for Biomedical Research.