Distinct Cerebrovascular Reactivity Patterns for Brain Radiation Necrosis

Simple Summary Discrimination between radiation necrosis versus recurrent glioblastoma contrast-enhancing lesions remains imprecise but is paramount for prognostic and therapeutic evaluation. We examined whether patients with radiation necrosis exhibit distinct patterns of blood oxygenation-level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) cerebrovascular reactivity (BOLD-CVR) and studied eight patients with primary and secondary brain tumors and a multidisciplinary clinical and radiological diagnosis of radiation necrosis and fourteen patients with a first diagnosis of glioblastoma. The contrast-enhancing lesion was derived from high-resolution T1-weighted MRI and rendered the volume-of-interest (VOI). From this primary VOI, an additional 3 mm concentric expanding VOIs up to 30 mm were created for a detailed perilesional BOLD-CVR. Mean intralesional BOLD-CVR values were markedly lower in radiation necrosis. Perilesionally, a characteristic BOLD-CVR pattern was observed for radiation necrosis. In this preliminary analysis, distinctive intralesional and perilesional BOLD-cerebrovascular re-activity patterns are found for radiation necrosis. Abstract Background: Current imaging-based discrimination between radiation necrosis versus recurrent glioblastoma contrast-enhancing lesions remains imprecise but is paramount for prognostic and therapeutic evaluation. We examined whether patients with radiation necrosis exhibit distinct patterns of blood oxygenation-level dependent fMRI cerebrovascular reactivity (BOLD-CVR) as the first step to better distinguishing patients with radiation necrosis from recurrent glioblastoma compared with patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma before surgery and radiotherapy. Methods: Eight consecutive patients with primary and secondary brain tumors and a multidisciplinary clinical and radiological diagnosis of radiation necrosis, and fourteen patients with a first diagnosis of glioblastoma underwent BOLD-CVR mapping. For all these patients, the contrast-enhancing lesion was derived from high-resolution T1-weighted MRI and rendered the volume-of-interest (VOI). From this primary VOI, additional 3 mm concentric expanding VOIs up to 30 mm were created for a detailed perilesional BOLD-CVR tissue analysis between the two groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves assessed the discriminative properties of BOLD-CVR for both groups. Results: Mean intralesional BOLD-CVR values were markedly lower in radiation necrosis than in glioblastoma contrast-enhancing lesions (0.001 ± 0.06 vs. 0.057 ± 0.05; p = 0.04). Perilesionally, a characteristic BOLD-CVR pattern was observed for radiation necrosis and glioblastoma patients, with an improvement of BOLD-CVR values in the radiation necrosis group and persisting lower perilesional BOLD-CVR values in glioblastoma patients. The ROC analysis discriminated against both groups when these two parameters were analyzed together (area under the curve: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.65–1.00). Conclusions: In this preliminary analysis, distinctive intralesional and perilesional BOLD-cerebrovascular reactivity patterns are found for radiation necrosis.