The Modulation Transfer Function: Concept and Applications

This paper outlines the concept of the modulation transfer function used to relate fluctuations in power received by an active microwave system viewing the ocean to the dominant surface waves on the ocean which cause the fluctuations. Expressions are given for the purely geometric modulations related to surface tilting and changes in range. The manner in which the modulation transfer function enters into the interpretation of real and synthetic aperture radar images, wave spectrometer outputs, scatterometer wind retrievals, and altimeter measurements is reviewed. Finally, limitations of the concept are discussed.