Mutual Coupling in Phased Arrays: A Review

The mutual coupling between antenna elements affects the antenna parameters like terminal impedances, reflection coefficients and hence the antenna array performance in terms of radiation characteristics, output signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINR), and radar cross section (RCS). This coupling effect is also known to directly or indirectly influence the steady state and transient response, the resolution capability, interference rejection, and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation competence of the array. Researchers have proposed several techniques and designs for optimal performance of phased array in a given signal environment, counteracting the coupling effect. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the methods that model and mitigate the mutual coupling effect for different types of arrays. The parameters that get affected due to the presence of coupling thereby degrading the array performance are discussed. The techniques for optimization of the antenna characteristics in the presence of coupling are also included.

[1]  Mutual coupling between rectangular microstrip patches covered with a dielectric cover layer , 1990, International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Society, Merging Technologies for the 90's.

[2]  S. Lundgren.  A study of mutual coupling effects on the direction finding performance of ESPRIT with a linear microstrip patch array using the method of moments , 1996, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 1996 Digest.

[3]  Roberto G. Rojas,et al.  High‐frequency approximation for mutual coupling calculations between apertures on a perfect electric conductor circular cylinder covered with a dielectric layer: Nonparaxial region , 2003 .

[4]  H. Rogier,et al.  Beamforming in the Presence of Mutual Coupling Based on Constrained Particle Swarm Optimization , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[5]  H. King.  Mutual impedance of unequal length antennas in echelon , 1957 .

[6]  S. R. Ostadzadeh,et al.  A FUZZY MODEL FOR COMPUTING INPUT IMPEDANCE OF TWO COUPLED DIPOLE ANTENNAS IN THE ECHELON FORM , 2008 .

[7]  C.M.S. See.  A method for array calibration in parametric sensor array processing , 1994, Proceedings of ICCS '94.

[8]  A. Lee Swindlehurst,et al.  A Performance Analysis ofSubspace-Based Methods in thePresence of Model Errors { Part I : The MUSIC AlgorithmA , 1992 .

[9]  Jordi Romeu,et al.  Decorrelation of two closely spaced antennas with a metamaterial AMC surface , 2008 .

[10]  R. O. Schmidt,et al.  Multiple emitter location and signal Parameter estimation , 1986 .

[11]  F. Ares,et al.  Pattern synthesis of array antennas with additional isolation of near field arbitrary objects , 1998 .

[12]  Yehuda Leviatan,et al.  Cancellation performance degradation of a fully adaptive Yagi array due to inner-element coupling , 1983 .

[13]  R. Mohamad,et al.  Effects of mutual coupling in phased arrays with Buttler network feed , 2003, 17th International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics and Communications, 2003. ICECom 2003..

[14]  E. Friel,et al.  Mutual coupling effects and their reduction in wideband direction of arrival estimation , 1994 .

[15]  S.J. Blank,et al.  On the empirical optimization of antenna arrays , 1971, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[16]  Qing Huo Liu,et al.  Synthesis of Conformal Phased Arrays With Embedded Element Pattern Decomposition , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[17]  S. Gong,et al.  A New Approach for Synthesizing Both the Radiation and Scattering Patterns of Linear Dipole Antenna Array , 2010 .

[18]  I. Gupta,et al.  Effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays , 1983 .

[19]  B. Himed,et al.  Compensation for mutual coupling effects in direction finding , 1990, International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[20]  D. Pozar.  Input impedance and mutual coupling of rectangular microstrip antennas , 1982 .

[21]  M. J. Ehrlich,et al.  Mutual Coupling Considerations in Linear-Slot Array Design , 1954, Proceedings of the IRE.

[22]  N. Alexopoulos,et al.  Mutual impedance computation between printed dipoles , 1981 .

[23]  Stephen A. Maas,et al.  Nonlinear microwave circuits , 1988 .

[24]  S. S. Gearhart,et al.  Theoretical analysis of coupling and cross polarization of perpendicular slot antennas on a dielectric half-space , 1998 .

[25]  J.A.G. Malherbe.  Analysis of a linear antenna array including the effects of mutual coupling , 1989 .

[26]  David M. Pozar,et al.  Correction of error in reduced sidelobe synthesis due to mutual coupling , 1985 .

[27]  Mutual coupling between rectangular slot antennas on a conducting concave spherical surface , 1982 .

[28]  W. Wasylkiwskyj,et al.  Element patterns and active reflection coefficient in uniform phased arrays , 1974 .

[29]  Petre Stoica,et al.  Maximum-likelihood DOA estimation by data-supported grid search , 1999, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[30]  P. N. Fletcher,et al.  Application of retrodirective beams to achieve low sidelobe levels in small phased arrays , 1996 .

[31]  Ahmed A. Kishk.  Prediction of Large Array Characteristics from Small Array Parameters , 2007 .

[32]  Hao Ling,et al.  On modeling mutual coupling in antenna arrays using the coupling matrix , 2001 .

[33]  K. Carver,et al.  Measured mutual coupling between microstrip antennas , 1981 .

[34]  L. Josefsson,et al.  Calculating the mutual coupling between apertures on a convex circular cylinder using a hybrid UTD-MoM method , 2001 .

[35]  M. J. Gans,et al.  On Limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multiple Antennas , 1998, Wirel. Pers. Commun..

[36]  N. Alexopoulos,et al.  Surface wave and related effects on the RCS of microstrip dipoles printed on magnetodielectric substrates , 1991 .

[37]  M.E. Bialkowski,et al.  Effect of mutual coupling on the interference rejection capabilities of linear and circular arrays in CDMA systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[38]  Claes Beckman,et al.  Dual-polarized array for signal-processing applications in wireless communications , 1998 .

[39]  James R. Baxter,et al.  An experimental study of antenna array calibration , 2003 .

[40]  Anthony J. Weiss,et al.  Array shape calibration using sources in unknown locations-a maximum likelihood approach , 1988, ICASSP-88., International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[41]  Y. Kuwahara,et al.  Steering vector taking mutual coupling effects into consideration , 2000, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. Transmitting Waves of Progress to the Next Millennium. 2000 Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (C.

[42]  G. Dubost.  Influence of surface wave upon efficiency and mutual coupling between rectangular microstrip antennas , 1990, International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Society, Merging Technologies for the 90's.

[43]  A. Fenn,et al.  Phased array antenna calibration and pattern prediction using mutual coupling measurements , 1989 .

[44]  M. Bait-Suwailam,et al.  Electromagnetic Coupling Reduction in High-Profile Monopole Antennas Using Single-Negative Magnetic Metamaterials for MIMO Applications , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[45]  P. Kildal,et al.  Analysis and measurements of conformal patch array antennas on multilayer circular cylinder , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[46]  T.T. Zhang,et al.  Antenna Designer's Notebook - Receiving mutual impedance between two normal-mode helical antennas (NMHAs) , 2006, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[47]  G. Thiele,et al.  Analysis of yagi-uda-type antennas , 1969 .

[48]  Constantine A. Balanis,et al.  Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design , 1982 .

[49]  L. Josefsson,et al.  The RCS of a cylindrical array antenna coated with a dielectric layer , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[50]  Thomas Kailath,et al.  On spatial smoothing for direction-of-arrival estimation of coherent signals , 1985, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process..

[51]  Kai-Fong Lee,et al.  Comparative study on the mutual coupling between different sized cylindrical dielectric resonators antennas and circular microstrip patch antennas , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[52]  Mati Wax,et al.  Direction finding of coherent signals via spatial smoothing for uniform circular arrays , 1994 .

[53]  Chi Ho Cheng,et al.  Reduction of Mutual Coupling Between Closely-Packed Antenna Elements , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[54]  Y. Rahmat-Samii,et al.  Microstrip antennas integrated with electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures: a low mutual coupling design for array applications , 2003 .

[55]  K. Sawaya,et al.  Accurate DOA estimation using array antenna with arbitrary geometry , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[56]  P. Pathak,et al.  Ray analysis of mutual coupling between antennas on a convex surface , 1981 .

[57]  Warren L. Stutzman,et al.  Array antenna pattern modeling methods that include mutual coupling effects , 1993 .

[58]  H. Steyskal.  Synthesis of antenna patterns with imposed near-field nulls , 1994 .

[59]  Lars Josefsson,et al.  Investigation of the mutual coupling between apertures on doubly curved convex surfaces: theory and measurements , 2003 .

[60]  Bin Liao,et al.  Adaptive Beamforming for Uniform Linear Arrays With Unknown Mutual Coupling , 2012, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[61]  H. Hui.  Improved compensation for the mutual coupling effect in a dipole array for direction finding , 2003 .

[62]  Gabriel M. Rebeiz,et al.  Self and mutual admittance of slot antennas on a dielectric half-space , 1993 .

[63]  Kun-Chou Lee.  Two efficient algorithms for the analyses of a nonlinearly loaded antenna and antenna array in the frequency domain , 2000 .

[64]  Tom Milligan.  Synthesis of Onboard Array Antennas Including Interaction with the Mounting Platform and Mutual Coupling Effects , 2001 .

[65]  Saudi Arabia,et al.  ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR MUTUAL COUPLING IN MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ARRAYS , 2006 .

[66]  Inder J. Gupta,et al.  Prediction of Adaptive Array Performance , 1983 .

[67]  R. Hansen.  Formulation of echelon dipole mutual impedance for computer , 1972 .

[68]  K. Sarabandi,et al.  Metamaterial Insulator Enabled Superdirective Array , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[69]  A. Toscano,et al.  The method of lines for mutual coupling analysis of a finite array of patch antennas on a cylindrical stratified structure , 2003 .

[70]  Jing-Li Guo,et al.  Pattern Synthesis of Conformal Array Antenna in the Presence of Platform Using Differential Evolution Algorithm , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[71]  I. Wolff,et al.  Computation of mutual coupling between slot-coupled microstrip patches in a finite array , 1992 .

[72]  Tah-Hsiung Chu,et al.  Analysis of injection-locked antenna array including mutual coupling effects , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[73]  A.-J. van der Veen,et al.  Experimental analysis of antenna coupling for high-resolution DOA estimation algorithms , 1999, 1999 2nd IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (Cat. No.99EX304).

[74]  A. Lee Swindlehurst,et al.  A Performance Analysis of Subspace-Based Methods in the Presence of Model Errors: Part &-Multidimensional Algorithms , 1993 .

[75]  D. Westreich.  Evaluating the matrix polynomial I+A+. . .+A/sup N-1/ , 1989 .

[76]  V. Erturk,et al.  Efficient analysis of input impedance and mutual coupling of microstrip antennas mounted on large coated cylinders , 2003 .

[77]  Luis Landesa,et al.  Design of on‐board array antennas by pattern optimization , 1999 .

[78]  Geoffrey S Hilton,et al.  Pattern synthesis in small phased arrays using adaptive array theory , 1997 .

[79]  Edward J. Rothwell,et al.  Mutual coupling between patch antennas recessed in an elliptic cylinder , 2003 .

[80]  M. S. Palma,et al.  Adaptive processing using a single snapshot for a nonuniformly spaced array in the presence of mutual coupling and near-field scatterers , 2002 .

[81]  C. Terret,et al.  Mutual coupling between stacked square microstrip antennas fed on their diagonal , 1991 .

[82]  Anthony J. Weiss,et al.  Direction finding in the presence of mutual coupling , 1991 .

[83]  D. Schaubert,et al.  Scan blindness in infinite phased arrays of printed dipoles , 1984 .

[84]  Hiroyuki Arai,et al.  DOA estimation in consideration of the array element pattern , 2002, Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367).

[85]  R. Dinger,et al.  Reactively steered adaptive array using microstrip patch elements at 4 GHz , 1984 .

[86]  Tao Yuan,et al.  Analysis of finite phased arrays of printed dipoles using P-FFT algorithm , 2005, 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[87]  C. See.  Sensor array calibration in the presence of mutual coupling and unknown sensor gains and phases , 1994 .

[88]  Eric K. L. Hung,et al.  Matrix-construction calibration method for antenna arrays , 2000, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst..

[89]  Kapil R. Dandekar,et al.  Experimental study of mutual coupling compensation in smart antenna applications , 2002, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[90]  Athanassios Manikas,et al.  Modelling and estimation of mutual coupling between array elements , 1994, Proceedings of ICASSP '94. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing.

[91]  K. M. Lee,et al.  Analysis of mutual coupling between a finite phased array of dipoles and its feed network , 1988 .

[92]  T. Itoh,et al.  Smart antennas based on spatial multiplexing of local elements (SMILE) for mutual coupling reduction , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[93]  Thomas Svantesson,et al.  Mutual coupling effects on the capacity of multielement antenna systems , 2001, 2001 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37221).

[94]  Hon Tat Hui,et al.  Reducing the mutual coupling effect in adaptive nulling using a re-defined mutual impedance , 2002 .

[95]  Shuai Zhang,et al.  Optimized element positions for prescribed radar cross section pattern of linear dipole arrays , 2011 .

[96]  P. B. Katehi.  Mutual coupling between microstrip dipoles in multielement arrays , 1989 .

[97]  L. Stark,et al.  Radiation Impedance of a Dipole in an Infinite Planar Phased Array , 1966 .

[98]  A. A. Abdelaziz.  IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ANTENNA ARRAY BY USING RADAR ABSORBING COVER , 2008 .

[99]  Benjamin Friedlander.  A sensitivity analysis of the MUSIC algorithm , 1990, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process..

[100]  Hao Ling,et al.  Simulation of mutual coupling effect in circular arrays for direction‐finding applications , 2000 .

[101]  M. Viberg,et al.  Two decades of array signal processing research: the parametric approach , 1996, IEEE Signal Process. Mag..

[102]  Yan Wang,et al.  Mutual coupling calibration of DBF array with combined optimization method , 2003 .

[103]  C. Yeh,et al.  Bearing estimations with mutual coupling present , 1989 .

[104]  N. M. Martin,et al.  A theoretical and experimental study of mutual coupling in microstrip antenna arrays , 1989 .

[105]  T. Sarkar,et al.  Elimination of the effects of mutual coupling in an adaptive nulling system with a look direction constraint , 1996, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 1996 Digest.

[106]  R. Elliott.  Antenna Theory and Design , 2003 .

[107]  Hubregt J. Visser,et al.  TEXTILE ANTENNAS, A PRACTICAL APPROACH , 2007 .

[108]  Jacob Coetzee,et al.  Microstrip Decoupling Networks for Low-Order Multiport Arrays with Reduced Element Spacing , 2005 .

[109]  W. Wiesbeck,et al.  The geodesic constant method: a novel approach to analytical surface-ray tracing on convex conducting bodies , 1995 .

[110]  Design of wide-band phased array antennas , 1999 .

[111]  S. Karimkashi,et al.  Focused Microstrip Array Antenna Using a Dolph-Chebyshev Near-Field Design , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[112]  R. Riegler,et al.  An adaptive array for interference rejection , 1973 .

[113]  Mostafa Kaveh,et al.  Experimental performance of calibration and direction-finding algorithms , 1991, [Proceedings] ICASSP 91: 1991 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[114]  Yantao Yu,et al.  Design of a Mutual Coupling Compensation Network for a Small Receiving Monopole Array , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[115]  Randy L. Haupt,et al.  Introduction to Adaptive Arrays , 1980 .

[116]  E. Dufort,et al.  Pattern synthesis based on adaptive array theory , 1989 .

[117]  Hon Tat Hui,et al.  Compensating for the mutual coupling effect in a normal-mode helical antenna array for adaptive ing , 2003, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol..

[118]  Wee Ser,et al.  Robust Beampattern Synthesis for Antenna Arrays With Mutual Coupling Effect , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[119]  Qiang Chen,et al.  Performance of adaptive array antenna with arbitrary geometry in the presence of mutual coupling , 2006 .

[120]  T. Sarkar,et al.  Compensation for the effects of mutual coupling on direct data domain adaptive algorithms , 2000 .

[121]  Z. Ye,et al.  Non-sensitive adaptive beamforming against mutual coupling , 2009 .

[122]  G. K. Mahanti,et al.  Beam reconfiguration of linear array of parallel dipole antennas through switching with real excitation voltage distribution , 2012, Ann. des Télécommunications.

[123]  Guanghan Xu,et al.  Effect of mutual coupling on direction finding in smart antenna applications , 2000 .

[124]  Tah-Hsiung Chu,et al.  A circuit model for mutual coupling analysis of a finite antenna array , 1996 .

[125]  C. Ghobadi,et al.  CONSIDERATION OF MUTUAL COUPLING IN A MICROSTRIP PATCH ARRAY USING FRACTAL ELEMENTS , 2006 .

[126]  E. Van Lil,et al.  Transmission line model for mutual coupling between microstrip antennas , 1984 .

[127]  P. S. Carter,et al.  Circuit Relations in Radiating Systems and Applications to Antenna Problems , 1932, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers.

[128]  K. Hirasawa,et al.  Array design for a specified pattern by matrix methods , 1969 .

[129]  H.T. Hui,et al.  Compensation for the mutual coupling effect in uniform circular arrays for 2D DOA estimations employing the maximum likelihood technique , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[130]  P. J. Papakanellos.  Study of Two Arbitrarily Located Parallel Cylindrical Dipoles Based on an Auxiliary Sources Technique , 2003 .

[131]  K.M. Pasala,et al.  Performance analysis of conformal conical arrays for airborne vehicles , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[132]  Majid Tayarani,et al.  Fuzzy Inference in Engineering Electromagnetics: An Application to Conventional and Angled Monopole-Antenna , 2000 .

[133]  V. Erturk,et al.  Closed-Form Green's Function Representations for Mutual Coupling Calculations Between Apertures on a Perfect Electric Conductor Circular Cylinder Covered With Dielectric Layers , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[134]  P. N. Fletcher,et al.  Beamforming for circular and semicircular array antennas for low-cost wireless LAN data communications systems , 1998 .

[135]  Geoffrey S Hilton,et al.  Mutual coupling compensation in small planar array antennas , 1998 .

[136]  M. Patzold,et al.  Input Impedance and Mutual Coupling of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas with a Dielectric Cover , 1986, 1986 16th European Microwave Conference.

[137]  Yantao Yu,et al.  Port Decoupling for Small Arrays by Means of an Eigenmode Feed Network , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[138]  Benjamin Friedlander,et al.  The root-MUSIC algorithm for direction finding with interpolated arrays , 1993, Signal Process..

[139]  Hon Tat Hui,et al.  Improved mutual coupling compensation in compact antenna arrays , 2010 .

[140]  Ahmed A. Kishk,et al.  Design of different configurations of finite microstrip arrays of circular patches , 1994 .

[141]  H. Steyskal,et al.  Mutual coupling compensation in small array antennas , 1990 .

[142]  Tah-Hsiung Chu,et al.  Mutual coupling mechanisms within arrays of nonlinear antennas , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[143]  Hon Tat Hui,et al.  Mutual Coupling Compensation for Direction-of-Arrival Estimations Using the Receiving-Mutual-Impedance Method , 2010 .

[144]  David R. Smith,et al.  Metamaterial-enhanced coupling between magnetic dipoles for efficient wireless power transfer , 2011, 1102.2281.

[145]  C. Roller,et al.  Effects of mutual coupling on super-resolution DF in linear arrays , 1992, [Proceedings] ICASSP-92: 1992 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[146]  B. Lindmark,et al.  Comparison of mutual coupling compensation to dummy columns in adaptive antenna systems , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[147]  K. Hirasawa,et al.  Signal bandwidth consideration of mutual coupling effects on adaptive array performance , 1987 .

[148]  Luis Landesa,et al.  Pattern synthesis of array antennas in presence of conducting bodies of arbitrary shape , 1997 .

[149]  E. H. Newman,et al.  Mutual Impedance Computation Between Microstrip Antennas , 1983 .

[150]  Y. Ruan,et al.  Eigenvalues of covariance matrix of adaptive array with mutual coupling and two correlated sources present , 1993, Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.

[151]  Shyh-Jong Chung,et al.  A Decoupling Technique for Increasing the Port Isolation Between Two Strongly Coupled Antennas , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[152]  Hon Tat Hui.  A practical approach to compensate for the mutual coupling effect in an adaptive dipole array , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.