Non-AIDS-Defining Events in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Controllers Versus Antiretroviral Therapy–Controlled Patients: A Cohort Collaboration From the French National Agency for Research on AIDS CO21 (CODEX) and CO06 (PRIMO) Cohorts

Abstract Background Low-grade chronic inflammation may persist in spontaneous human immunodeficiency virus controllers (HICs), leading to non-AIDS-defining events (nADEs). Methods Two hundred twenty-seven antiretroviral therapy (ART)–naive HICs (known human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1] infection ≥5 years and at least 5 consecutive viral loads [VLs] <400 HIV RNA copies/mL) were compared with 328 patients who initiated ART ≤1 month after primary HIV infection diagnosis and had undetectable VL within 12 months following ART initiation for at least 5 years. Incidence rates of first nADEs were compared between HICs and ART-treated patients. Determinants of nADEs were assessed by using Cox regression models. Results All-cause nADEs incidence rates were 7.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.9–9.6) and 5.2 (95% CI, 3.9–6.4) per 100 person-months among HICs and ART patients, respectively (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.5 [95% CI, 1.1–2.2]; adjusted IRR, 1.93 [95% CI, 1.16–3.20]). After adjustment for the cohort, demographic, and immunological characteristics, the only other factor associated with all-cause nADE occurrence was age ≥43 (vs <43) years at the beginning of viral control (IRR, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.11–2.56]). The most frequent events observed in the 2 cohorts were non-AIDS-related benign infections (54.6% and 32.9% of all nADEs, respectively, for HICs and ART patients). No differences in cardiovascular or psychiatric events were observed. Conclusions HICs experienced 2 times more nADEs than virologically suppressed patients on ART, mainly non-AIDS-related benign infections. Older age was associated with nADE occurrence, independent of immune or virologic parameters. These results do not argue in favor of expanding the ART indication for HICs but rather a case-by-case approach considering clinical outcomes such as nADEs besides immune activation.