Abstract This chapter reviews different types of biodegradable bio-based matrices for food packaging applications, by considering synthetic and natural biodegradable polymeric (polysaccharide- and protein-based composites), with special emphasis on the advantages of nanotechnology application for the improvement of functional properties. A revision of intensive academic and industry research has been carried out to investigate the state of the art for new production methods, sources, and properties; to obtain biopolymers and bio-based nanocomposites that may replace conventional synthetic and nonbiodegradable materials in the packaging sector. The deep analysis of the market forecast for the specific sector confirmed how nanotechnology is expected to change the entire packaging industry, reducing fabrication costs and infrastructure, providing more flexible packaging methods, fresher and more customized products, producing competitive products in performance and price.