The potential of living willow structures in the landscape

.................................................................................................................................................. iv Introduction..............................................................................................................................................1 Living Willow Structures in the United States .........................................................................................2 Future Trends in Landscape Architecture .............................................................................................7 Urbanization .......................................................................................................................................7 Climate Change ...............................................................................................................................8 Relation with Nature and Human Health .......................................................................................8 Energy Issues ......................................................................................................................................9 Ecosystem Services, Biophilia and Living Architecture ................................................................. 9 Green Building .................................................................................................................................10 Natural Architecture and Art in the Landscape ......................................................................... 11 Garden Design ................................................................................................................................12 Ecological Urbanism, Landscape Urbanism and Sustainable Urbanism .................................. 13 Living Willow Structures in the Past and Present ................................................................................14 Fedge Method ................................................................................................................................14 Poling Method .................................................................................................................................19 Arborsculpture .................................................................................................................................22 Grafting/Inosculation/Inclusions ....................................................................................................25 Living (Willow and Other) Structures for a Future Changing World ................................................. 27 Visionaries .........................................................................................................................................27 Visionaries: Arthur Wiechula, Germany ..................................................................................27 Visionaries: Konstantin Kirsch, Germany .................................................................................31 Visionaries: Luc Schuiten, Belgium ...........................................................................................31 Visionaries: Mitchell Joachim, USA: Fab Tree Hab ................................................................. 32 Visionaries: Mitchell Joachim, USA: Willow Balls ..................................................................... 34 Future Forms .....................................................................................................................................35 Future Forms: The Patient Gardener, Italy .............................................................................. 35 Future Forms: Living Root Bridges, India ..................................................................................36 Future Forms: Baubotanik, Germany ......................................................................................37 Future Forms and Locations of Living Structures in Landscape Architecture .................... 39 Conclusions ...........................................................................................................................................41 References .............................................................................................................................................43 Biographical Sketch .............................................................................................................................46