Possible Effect of Binaural Beat Combined With Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response for Inducing Sleep

Sleep is important to maintain physical and cognitive functions in everyday life. However, the prevalence of sleep disorders is on the rise. One existing solution to this problem is to induce sleep using an auditory stimulus. When we listen to acoustic beats of two tones in each ear simultaneously, a binaural beat is generated which induces brain signals at a specific desired frequency. However, this auditory stimulus is uncomfortable for users to listen to induce sleep. To overcome this difficulty, we can exploit the feelings of calmness and relaxation that are induced by the perceptual phenomenon of autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR). In this study, we proposed a novel auditory stimulus for inducing sleep. Specifically, we used a 6 Hz binaural beat corresponding to the center of the theta band (4–8 Hz), which is the frequency at which brain activity is entrained during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) in sleep stage 1. In addition, the “ASMR triggers” that cause ASMR were presented from natural sound as the sensory stimuli. In session 1, we combined two auditory stimuli (the 6 Hz binaural beat and ASMR triggers) at three-decibel ratios to find the optimal combination ratio. As a result, we determined that the combination of a 30:60 dB ratio of binaural beat to ASMR trigger is most effective for inducing theta power and psychological stability. In session 2, the effects of these combined stimuli (CS) were compared with an only binaural beat, only the ASMR trigger, or a sham condition. The combination stimulus retained the advantages of the binaural beat and resolved its shortcomings with the ASMR triggers, including psychological self-reports. Our findings indicate that the proposed auditory stimulus could induce the brain signals required for sleep, while simultaneously keeping the user in a psychologically comfortable state. This technology provides an important opportunity to develop a novel method for increasing the quality of sleep.

[1]  G. Poerio.  Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response , 2020, The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology.

[2]  Stephen D. Smith,et al.  Atypical Functional Connectivity Associated with Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response: An Examination of Five Resting-State Networks , 2019, Brain Connect..

[3]  Stephen D. Smith,et al.  A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of the autonomous sensory meridian response , 2019, PeerJ.

[4]  G. Searchfield,et al.  The short-term effects of recorded ocean sound with and without alpha frequency binaural beats on tinnitus perception. , 2019, Complementary therapies in medicine.

[5]  G. Dumas,et al.  Binaural Beats through the Auditory Pathway: From Brainstem to Connectivity Patterns , 2019, eNeuro.

[6]  Wellington Pinheiro dos Santos,et al.  Exploratory study of the effect of binaural beat stimulation on the EEG activity pattern in resting state using artificial neural networks , 2019, Cognitive Systems Research.

[7]  Seong-Whan Lee,et al.  Connectivity differences between consciousness and unconsciousness in non-rapid eye movement sleep: a TMS–EEG study , 2019, Scientific Reports.

[8]  B. Geethanjali,et al.  Music-Induced Brain Functional Connectivity Using EEG Sensors: A Study on Indian Music , 2019, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[9]  John Williamson,et al.  EEG dataset and OpenBMI toolbox for three BCI paradigms: an investigation into BCI illiteracy , 2019, GigaScience.

[10]  Yan Ge,et al.  Frontal EEG Asymmetry and Middle Line Power Difference in Discrete Emotions , 2018, Front. Behav. Neurosci..

[11]  Haifeng Li,et al.  Music-evoked emotion recognition based on cognitive principles inspired EEG temporal and spectral features , 2018, Int. J. Mach. Learn. Cybern..

[12]  G. Tononi,et al.  Closed-loop system to enhance slow-wave activity , 2018, Journal of neural engineering.

[13]  Yodchanan Wongsawat,et al.  A Novel Insight of Effects of a 3-Hz Binaural Beat on Sleep Stages During Sleep , 2018, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[14]  Lochte Bc,et al.  An fMRI Investigation of the Neural Correlates Underlying the Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) , 2018 .

[15]  W. M. Kelley,et al.  An fMRI investigation of the neural correlates underlying the autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) , 2018, BioImpacts : BI.

[16]  Megan H. Papesh,et al.  Expectancy effects in the Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response , 2018, PeerJ.

[17]  G. Poerio,et al.  More than a feeling: Autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) is characterized by reliable changes in affect and physiology , 2018, PloS one.

[18]  N. P. Guhan Seshadri,et al.  Music induced emotion using wavelet packet decomposition - An EEG study , 2018, Biomed. Signal Process. Control..

[19]  Tirdad Seifi Ala,et al.  Cumulative effects of theta binaural beats on brain power and functional connectivity , 2018, Biomed. Signal Process. Control..

[20]  Flavio Fröhlich,et al.  High-density EEG characterization of brain responses to auditory rhythmic stimuli during wakefulness and NREM sleep , 2018, NeuroImage.

[21]  Giulio Tononi,et al.  Spatio-temporal analysis of EEG signal during consciousness using convolutional neural network , 2018, 2018 6th International Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI).

[22]  J. Born,et al.  Auditory closed-loop stimulation of EEG slow oscillations strengthens sleep and signs of its immune-supportive function , 2017, Nature Communications.

[23]  G. Tononi,et al.  Network Properties in Transitions of Consciousness during Propofol-induced Sedation , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[24]  Carles Escera,et al.  Binaural Beat: A Failure to Enhance EEG Power and Emotional Arousal , 2017, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[25]  Charles Spence,et al.  Sensory determinants of the autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR): understanding the triggers , 2017, PeerJ.

[26]  D. Glaser,et al.  The Effect of Binaural Beat Technology on the Cardiovascular Stress Response in Military Service Members With Postdeployment Stress , 2017, Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing.

[27]  Yodchanan Wongsawat,et al.  Brain Responses to a 6-Hz Binaural Beat: Effects on General Theta Rhythm and Frontal Midline Theta Activity , 2017, Front. Neurosci..

[28]  Seonjin Lee,et al.  Effect of Color Light Stimulation Using LED on Sleep Induction Time , 2017, Journal of healthcare engineering.

[29]  S. Männistö,et al.  Chronotype differences in timing of energy and macronutrient intakes: A population‐based study in adults , 2017, Obesity.

[30]  Rachel A. Diana,et al.  The effect of binaural beats on verbal working memory and cortical connectivity , 2017, Journal of neural engineering.

[31]  Klaus-Robert Müller,et al.  A convolutional neural network for steady state visual evoked potential classification under ambulatory environment , 2017, PloS one.

[32]  Stefan Haufe,et al.  The Berlin Brain-Computer Interface: Progress Beyond Communication and Control , 2016, Front. Neurosci..

[33]  Sook-Lei Liew,et al.  Calculating the Laterality Index Using FSL for Stroke Neuroimaging Data , 2016 .

[34]  J. Klaphajone,et al.  The effect of music with and without binaural beat audio on operative anxiety in patients undergoing cataract surgery: a randomized controlled trial , 2016, Eye.

[35]  Yang Dan,et al.  Circuit-based interrogation of sleep control , 2016, Nature.

[36]  P. Rossini,et al.  Electrical stimulation of the frontal cortex enhances slow-frequency EEG activity and sleepiness , 2016, Neuroscience.

[37]  N. Tabak,et al.  Background Music Playback in the Preoperative Setting: Does It Reduce the Level of Preoperative Anxiety Among Candidates for Elective Surgery? , 2016, Journal of perianesthesia nursing : official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses.

[38]  이창기,et al.  Convolutional Neural Network를 이용한 한국어 영화평 감성 분석 , 2016 .

[39]  David Gavaghan,et al.  Simulating social-ecological systems: the Island Digital Ecosystem Avatars (IDEA) consortium , 2016, GigaScience.

[40]  B. Klapp,et al.  Positive Emotional Experience: Induced by Vibroacoustic Stimulation Using a Body Monochord in Patients with Psychosomatic Disorders: Is Associated with an Increase in EEG-Theta and a Decrease in EEG-Alpha Power , 2016, Brain Topography.

[41]  K. Hong,et al.  Decoding four different sound-categories in the auditory cortex using functional near-infrared spectroscopy , 2016, Hearing Research.

[42]  Giulio Tononi,et al.  Phase-locked loop for precisely timed acoustic stimulation during sleep , 2016, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[43]  Siamac Fazli,et al.  Subject-dependent classification for robust idle state detection using multi-modal neuroimaging and data-fusion techniques in BCI , 2015, Pattern Recognit..

[44]  B. Riegel,et al.  Open-Loop Neurofeedback Audiovisual Stimulation: A Pilot Study of Its Potential for Sleep Induction in Older Adults , 2015, Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback.

[45]  Nick J. Davis,et al.  Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR): a flow-like mental state , 2015, PeerJ.

[46]  Dong Ming,et al.  Analysis of EEG activity in response to binaural beats with different frequencies. , 2014, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[47]  G. Tononi,et al.  Enhancement of sleep slow waves: underlying mechanisms and practical consequences , 2014, Front. Syst. Neurosci..

[48]  M. Posner,et al.  Mechanisms of white matter change induced by meditation training , 2014, Front. Psychol..

[49]  Ilona Papousek,et al.  The time-course of EEG alpha power changes in creative ideation , 2014, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[50]  Manuel Recuero,et al.  Effect of Binaural Stimulation on Attention and EEG , 2013 .

[51]  C. Keysers,et al.  EEG sensorimotor correlates of translating sounds into actions , 2013, Front. Neurosci..

[52]  Norliza Zaini,et al.  Dynamic encoding of binaural beats for brainwave entrainment , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering.

[53]  Lino Nobili,et al.  How we fall asleep: regional and temporal differences in electroencephalographic synchronization at sleep onset. , 2013, Sleep medicine.

[54]  Jan Born,et al.  Slow wave sleep induced by GABA agonist tiagabine fails to benefit memory consolidation. , 2013, Sleep.

[55]  C. Pechmann,et al.  Policy and Research Related to Consumer Rebates: A Comprehensive Review , 2013 .

[56]  Bor-Shyh Lin,et al.  Emotion recognition of EEG underlying favourite music by support vector machine , 2013, 2013 1st International Conference on Orange Technologies (ICOT).

[57]  Kai Spiegelhalder,et al.  Increased EEG sigma and beta power during NREM sleep in primary insomnia , 2012, Biological Psychology.

[58]  Joseph Ciorciari,et al.  A High-Density EEG Investigation into Steady State Binaural Beat Stimulation , 2012, PloS one.

[59]  Jorge Bohórquez,et al.  Auditory evoked responses to binaural beat illusion: Stimulus generation and the derivation of the Binaural Interaction Component (BIC) , 2011, 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[60]  Yasuhiro Haruta,et al.  Lateralized Theta Wave Connectivity and Language Performance in 2- to 5-Year-Old Children , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[61]  Christina F. Lavallee,et al.  A quantitative electroencephalographic study of meditation and binaural beat entrainment. , 2011, Journal of alternative and complementary medicine.

[62]  M. Chan,et al.  Effects of music on depression and sleep quality in elderly people: A randomised controlled trial. , 2010, Complementary therapies in medicine.

[63]  A. Starr,et al.  A comparison of auditory evoked potentials to acoustic beats and to binaural beats , 2010, Hearing Research.

[64]  Christine Charyton,et al.  A comprehensive review of the psychological effects of brainwave entrainment. , 2008, Alternative therapies in health and medicine.

[65]  Matthew P Walker,et al.  Cognitive consequences of sleep and sleep loss. , 2008, Sleep medicine.

[66]  J. Groeger,et al.  Slow wave sleep enhancement with gaboxadol reduces daytime sleepiness during sleep restriction. , 2008, Sleep.

[67]  Róbert Bódizs,et al.  Music improves sleep quality in students. , 2008, Journal of advanced nursing.

[68]  E. Watkins.  Constructive and Unconstructive Repetitive Thought , 2008, Psychological bulletin.

[69]  Max E. Valentinuzzi,et al.  Artifact removal from EEG signals using adaptive filters in cascade , 2007 .

[70]  G. Tononi,et al.  Triggering sleep slow waves by transcranial magnetic stimulation , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[71]  Helané Wahbeh,et al.  Binaural beat technology in humans: a pilot study to assess neuropsychologic, physiologic, and electroencephalographic effects. , 2007, Journal of alternative and complementary medicine.

[72]  Andrew M Lane,et al.  Mood changes following golf among senior recreational players. , 2005, Journal of sports science & medicine.

[73]  D. Schwarz,et al.  Human auditory steady state responses to binaural and monaural beats , 2005, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[74]  Deborah A Hall,et al.  Auditory Pathways: Are ‘What’ and ‘Where’ Appropriate? , 2003, Current Biology.

[75]  Zach Haga,et al.  Binaural Beat Induced Theta EEG Activity and Hypnotic Susceptibility: Contradictory Results and Technical Considerations , 2003, The American journal of clinical hypnosis.

[76]  Gerard J. Fogarty,et al.  Construct Validity of the Profile of Mood States , 2003 .

[77]  R. Zatorre,et al.  Structure and function of auditory cortex: music and speech , 2002, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[78]  M Partinen,et al.  Insufficient sleep--a population-based study in adults. , 2001, Sleep.

[79]  P. Terry,et al.  Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents. , 1999, Journal of sports sciences.

[80]  J. Hietanen,et al.  Modulation of human auditory information processing by emotional visual stimuli. , 1998, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[81]  P Badia,et al.  Topographical and temporal patterns of brain activity during the transition from wakefulness to sleep. , 1995, Sleep.

[82]  G Oster,et al.  Auditory beats in the brain. , 1973, Scientific American.

[83]  H. Kowarzyk.  Structure and Function. , 1910, Nature.

[84]  J. Fell,et al.  Binaural Beat Stimulation , 2017 .

[85]  Haihong Zhang,et al.  Reduction in time-to-sleep through EEG based brain state detection and audio stimulation. , 2015, Conference proceedings.

[86]  Chang-Hyun Park,et al.  Motor imagery learning across a sequence of trials in stroke patients. , 2015, Restorative neurology and neuroscience.

[87]  Kjell Elenius,et al.  Emotion Recognition , 2009, Computers in the Human Interaction Loop.

[88]  A. Chesson,et al.  The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology, and Techinical Specifications , 2007 .

[89]  C. Soldatos,et al.  How do individuals sleep around the world? Results from a single-day survey in ten countries. , 2005, Sleep medicine.

[90]  Senjamin Friedlander,et al.  OF AN ADAPTIVE NOTCH FILTER , 1983 .

[91]  K. Kaga,et al.  Binaural interaction of a beating frequency-following response. , 1980, Audiology : official organ of the International Society of Audiology.

[92]  Daniel Olguín Olguín,et al.  Adaptive Notch Filter for EEG Signals Based on the LMS Algorithm with Variable Step-Size Parameter , 2022 .