On the biomechanics of the shoulder complex.

Abstract Effectiveness of the multisegmented total-human-body models to predict accurately live human response depends heavily on the proper biomechanical description and simulation of the articulating joints. In these models the shoulder region has been the most challenging for the biomechanician because of the lack of appropriate data and the complicated anatomical nature of the shoulder complex. This paper presents a research program which was developed to collect the resistive force, moment and torque data in the shoulder complex. The research was conducted with some obvious limitations on live human subjects by means of specially designed experimental apparatus which consists of a subject restraint system, a global force applicator (GFA), and an exoskeletal device (ESD). The numerical results are presented for three subjects for the range of motion, for the passive resistive force and moments and for the passive resistive torques about the long bone axis of the upper arm.

[1]  Stuart Roath,et al.  CELL-SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS IN HAIRY-CELL LEUKÆMIA , 1975, The Lancet.

[2]  R. E. Hessel,et al.  A THREE DIMENSIONAL VEHICLE-MAN MODEL FOR COLLISION AND HIGH ACCELERATION STUDIES. , 1974 .

[3]  Engen Tj,et al.  Method of kinematic study of normal upper extremity movements. , 1968 .

[4]  H. Gray.  Gray's Anatomy , 1858 .

[5]  S G Doody,et al.  Scapulo-humeral goniometer. , 1970, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[6]  J T Fleck,et al.  CALSPAN 3-D CRASH VICTIM SIMULATION PROGRAM , 1976 .

[7]  L. Freedman,et al.  Abduction of the arm in the scapular plane: scapular and glenohumeral movements. A roentgenographic study. , 1966, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[8]  C W Cathcart.  Movements of the Shoulder Girdle involved in those of the Arm on the Trunk. , 1884, Journal of anatomy and physiology.

[9]  Ali Erkan Engin.  Measurement of Resistive Torques in Major Human Joints , 1979 .

[10]  John G.F. Cleland.  A Lecture ON THE SHOULDER-GIRDLE AND ITS MOVEMENTS. , 1881 .

[11]  Dempster Wt.  MECHANISMS OF SHOULDER MOVEMENT. , 1965 .

[12]  N. Poppen,et al.  Normal and abnormal motion of the shoulder. , 1976, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[13]  D H Robbins,et al.  User-Oriented Mathematical Crash Victim Simulator , 1972 .

[14]  R D Young,et al.  A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF AN AUTOMOBILE PASSENGER , 1970 .

[15]  T E Shoup.  Optical measurement of the center of rotation for human joints. , 1976, Journal of biomechanics.

[16]  Raymond R. McHenry,et al.  Analysis of the dynamics of automobile passenger-restraint systems , 1963 .

[17]  N. Berme,et al.  The shoulder complex in elevation of the arm: a mechanism approach. , 1978, Journal of biomechanics.