Is Walking Speed a Vital Sign? Absolutely!

[1]  M. Schroll,et al.  Tiredness and subsequent disability in older adults: The role of walking limitations. , 2006, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[2]  A. Benetos,et al.  Heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. , 2009, Progress in cardiovascular diseases.

[3]  P. Palatini Heart Rate as an Independent Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease , 2012, Drugs.

[4]  S. Leurgans,et al.  Musculoskeletal pain and incident disability in community‐dwelling older adults , 2010, Arthritis care & research.

[5]  T. Katoh,et al.  The efficacy of home-based muscle training for the elderly osteoporotic women: the effects of daily muscle training on quality of life (QoL). , 2010, Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.

[6]  M. Kawai,et al.  Resting heart rate and blood pressure, independent of each other, proportionally raise the risk for type-2 diabetes mellitus. , 2010, International journal of epidemiology.

[7]  K. Iseki,et al.  Higher heart rate predicts the risk of developing hypertension in a normotensive screened cohort. , 2007, Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society.

[8]  R. Craik,et al.  Predictors of gait speed in patients after hip fracture. , 2008, Physiotherapy Canada. Physiotherapie Canada.

[9]  T. Moore Respiratory assessment in adults. , 2007, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[10]  P. Palatini,et al.  Heart rate as a predictor of development of sustained hypertension in subjects screened for stage 1 hypertension: the HARVEST Study , 2006, Journal of hypertension.

[11]  D. Markov,et al.  The impact of anxiety and mood disorders on physical disease: The worried not-so-well , 2005, Current psychiatry reports.

[12]  L. Fried,et al.  Hip fractures among elderly women: longitudinal comparison of physiological function changes and health care utilization. , 2010, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.

[13]  Jeffrey M. Hausdorff,et al.  Treadmill training for the treatment of gait disturbances in people with Parkinson’s disease: a mini-review , 2009, Journal of Neural Transmission.

[14]  J. Hardin,et al.  The joint effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity on mortality risk in men with hypertension. , 2009, American journal of hypertension.

[15]  G. Davey Smith,et al.  Secular trends in heart rate in young adults, 1949 to 2004: analyses of cross sectional studies , 2005, Heart.

[16]  B. Mégarbane,et al.  Prognostic factors in non-exertional heatstroke , 2010, Intensive Care Medicine.

[17]  O. May,et al.  Long-term predictive power of heart rate variability on all-cause mortality in the diabetic population , 2011, Acta Diabetologica.

[18]  M. Ersek,et al.  The Use of Algorithms in Assessing and Managing Persistent Pain in Older Adults , 2011, The American journal of nursing.

[19]  Michelle M Lusardi,et al.  Spatial and Temporal Parameters of Self-Selected and Fast Walking Speeds in Healthy Community-Living Adults Aged 72–98 Years , 2010, Journal of geriatric physical therapy.

[20]  Bruno Vellas,et al.  The assessment of frailty in older adults. , 2010, Clinics in geriatric medicine.

[21]  Richard W. Bohannon,et al.  Normal walking speed: a descriptive meta-analysis. , 2011, Physiotherapy.

[22]  R. Varadhan,et al.  Initial manifestations of frailty criteria and the development of frailty phenotype in the Women's Health and Aging Study II. , 2008, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[23]  A Longitudinal Investigation of Fear of Falling, Fear of Pain, and Activity Avoidance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults , 2007, Journal of aging and health.

[24]  A. Bergland,et al.  Progressive strength training in older patients after hip fracture: a randomised controlled trial. , 2011, Age and ageing.

[25]  S. Studenski,et al.  Performance Measures Predict Onset of Activity of Daily Living Difficulty in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults , 2010, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[26]  S. Lord,et al.  Mobility training after hip fracture: a randomised controlled trial. , 2008, Age and ageing.

[27]  L. Shaw,et al.  Heart Rate Response to Exercise Stress Testing in Asymptomatic Women: The St. James Women Take Heart Project , 2010, Circulation.

[28]  F. Basile,et al.  Heart rate variability and myocardial infarction: systematic literature review and metanalysis. , 2009, European review for medical and pharmacological sciences.

[29]  Frederick A. Masoudi,et al.  The prognostic importance of abnormal heart rate recovery and chronotropic response among exercise treadmill test patients. , 2008, American heart journal.

[30]  Steven A Kautz,et al.  Validation of a Speed-Based Classification System Using Quantitative Measures of Walking Performance Poststroke , 2008, Neurorehabilitation and neural repair.

[31]  Thomas M Gill,et al.  Prognostic Significance of Potential Frailty Criteria , 2008, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[32]  D. Weiner,et al.  Impact of chronic musculoskeletal pathology on older adults: a study of differences between knee OA and low back pain. , 2009, Pain medicine.

[33]  P. Stein,et al.  Novel Measures of Heart Rate Variability Predict Cardiovascular Mortality in Older Adults Independent of Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) , 2008, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[34]  M. Schuurmans,et al.  Physical performance characteristics related to disability in older persons: a systematic review. , 2011, Maturitas.

[35]  Prevention of deterioration in acutely ill patients in hospital. , 2010, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[36]  K. Hillman,et al.  The objective medical emergency team activation criteria: a case-control study. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[37]  C. Lyketsos,et al.  Mood Disorders in the Medically Ill: Scientific Review and Recommendations , 2005, Biological Psychiatry.

[38]  A. Davis,et al.  A longitudinal study to explain the pain‐depression link in older adults with osteoarthritis , 2011, Arthritis care & research.

[39]  E. McLafferty Prevention and management of hyperthermia during a heatwave. , 2010, Nursing Older People.

[40]  Donald A Enarson,et al.  The vital signs of chronic disease management. , 2009, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[41]  P. Cameron,et al.  Febrile adults presenting to the emergency department: outcomes and markers of serious illness , 2004, Emergency Medicine Journal.

[42]  James M. Wright,et al.  Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years and older: the lower the better? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials , 2010, Journal of hypertension.

[43]  R. Gillum,et al.  Association of hypertension treatment and control with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among US adults with hypertension. , 2010, American journal of hypertension.

[44]  H. V. Hedel,et al.  Gait Speed in Relation to Categories of Functional Ambulation After Spinal Cord Injury , 2009 .

[45]  John H Hollman,et al.  Responsiveness of 2 Procedures for Measurement of Temporal and Spatial Gait Parameters in Older Adults , 2010, PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation.

[46]  C. Schulman,et al.  Standards for frequency of measurement and documentation of vital signs and physical assessments. , 2010, Critical care nurse.

[47]  C. Yen,et al.  The effects of measurement site and ambient temperature on body temperature values in healthy older adults: a cross-sectional comparative study. , 2009, International journal of nursing studies.

[48]  A. Nichols,et al.  The relationship between pain and functional disability in Black and White older adults. , 2008, Research in nursing & health.

[49]  F. Blyth,et al.  Assessing pain in older people with persistent pain: the NRS is valid but only provides part of the picture. , 2010, The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society.

[50]  Y. Khang,et al.  Gender differences in self-rated health and mortality association: role of pain-inducing musculoskeletal disorders. , 2010, Journal of women's health.

[51]  Richard W. Bohannon Measurement of Gait Speed of Older Adults is Feasible and Informative in a Home‐care Setting , 2009, Journal of geriatric physical therapy.

[52]  Åsa Rydén Ahlgren,et al.  Decreased heart rate variability may predict the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes , 2006, Clinical Autonomic Research.

[53]  P. Kemp Hypothermia: causes and management , 2008 .

[54]  H. Cohen,et al.  Walking speed predicts health status and hospital costs for frail elderly male veterans. , 2005, Journal of rehabilitation research and development.

[55]  K. Iseki,et al.  Heart rate as a risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease: longitudinal analysis of a screened cohort , 2009, Clinical and Experimental Nephrology.

[56]  A. McGinley,et al.  A physiologically‐based early warning score for ward patients: the association between score and outcome * , 2005, Anaesthesia.

[57]  H. Blain,et al.  Balance and walking speed predict subsequent 8-year mortality independently of current and intermediate events in well-functioning women aged 75 years and older , 2010, The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging.

[58]  B. Etnyre,et al.  Influence of Pain Distribution on Gait Characteristics in Patients With Low Back Pain: Part 1: Vertical Ground Reaction Force , 2007, Spine.

[59]  C. Cleeland,et al.  Development of the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire to assess pain in cancer and other diseases , 1983, Pain.

[60]  R. Craik,et al.  Detectable Changes in Physical Performance Measures in Elderly African Americans , 2010, Physical Therapy.

[61]  V. Coates,et al.  A study of the effectiveness of different measuring times and counting methods of human radial pulse rates. , 2000, Journal of clinical nursing.

[62]  Yu-Tzu Dai,et al.  A systematic review of body temperature variations in older people. , 2010, Journal of clinical nursing.

[63]  Märtha Sund-Levander,et al.  Time for a change to assess and evaluate body temperature in clinical practice. , 2009, International journal of nursing practice.

[64]  M. Jensen,et al.  Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain. , 2004, The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society.

[65]  P. Myint,et al.  Confusion, Urea, Respiratory Rate and Shock Index or Adjusted Shock Index (CURSI or CURASI) criteria predict mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. , 2010, European journal of internal medicine.

[66]  G. Ostir,et al.  Measures of lower body function and risk of mortality over 7 years of follow-up. , 2007, American journal of epidemiology.

[67]  K. Toyoshima,et al.  Quality of life and physical fitness in an 85-year-old population. , 2010, Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.

[68]  M. Outzen Management of fever in older adults. , 2009, Journal of gerontological nursing.

[69]  D. Aarsland,et al.  Hypertension is a potential risk factor for vascular dementia: systematic review , 2011, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[70]  Volker Dietz,et al.  Assessment of Walking Speed and Distance in Subjects With an Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury , 2007, Neurorehabilitation and neural repair.

[71]  A Davie,et al.  Best practice in the measurement of body temperature. , 2010, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[72]  K. Sunnerhagen,et al.  Walking speed and distance in different environments of subjects in the later stage post-stroke , 2010, Physiotherapy theory and practice.

[73]  D. Weiner,et al.  The relationship between pain, neuropsychological performance, and physical function in community-dwelling older adults with chronic low back pain. , 2006, Pain medicine.

[74]  N. Shapiro,et al.  Risk Factors for Death in Elderly Emergency Department Patients with Suspected Infection , 2009, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[75]  S. Rubin,et al.  Prognostic Value of Usual Gait Speed in Well‐Functioning Older People—Results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study , 2005, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[76]  G. Ostir,et al.  Reliability and sensitivity to change assessed for a summary measure of lower body function: results from the Women's Health and Aging Study. , 2002, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[77]  James S. Hodges,et al.  Effects of a Home-Based Walking Intervention on Mobility and Quality of Life in People With Diabetes and Peripheral Arterial Disease , 2011, Diabetes Care.

[78]  B. Hoggart,et al.  Pain: a review of three commonly used pain rating scales. , 2005, Journal of clinical nursing.

[79]  K. Iseki,et al.  Effect of heart rate on the risk of developing metabolic syndrome , 2009, Hypertension Research.

[80]  S. Fritz,et al.  White paper: "walking speed: the sixth vital sign". , 2009, Journal of geriatric physical therapy.

[81]  P. Croft,et al.  Is chronic widespread pain a predictor of all-cause morbidity? A 3 year prospective population based study in family practice. , 2005, The Journal of rheumatology.

[82]  James E. Graham,et al.  Assessing walking speed in clinical research: a systematic review. , 2008, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[83]  C. Sherbourne,et al.  Exploring alternative approaches to routine outpatient pain screening. , 2009, Pain medicine.

[84]  L. Mollinger,et al.  Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. , 2002, Physical therapy.

[85]  A. Dyer,et al.  Relation of heart rate with cardiovascular disease in normal-weight individuals: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. , 2008, Preventive cardiology.

[86]  Joan McMeeken,et al.  A targeted home- and center-based exercise program for people after total hip replacement: a randomized clinical trial. , 2008, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[87]  L. Ruth-Sahd,et al.  Algorithmic tools for interpreting vital signs. , 2009, The Journal of nursing education.

[88]  Masa Ishijima Unobtrusive approaches to monitoring vital signs at home , 2007, Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing.

[89]  Erkki Vartiainen,et al.  Elevated resting heart rate is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in healthy men and women. , 2010, American heart journal.

[90]  Mark P. Jensen,et al.  Validity of four pain intensity rating scales , 2011, PAIN®.

[91]  Subashan Perera,et al.  Improvements in Speed-Based Gait Classifications Are Meaningful , 2007, Stroke.

[92]  X. Shu,et al.  Resting heart rate and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. , 2010, International journal of epidemiology.

[93]  H. Hein,et al.  C‐reactive protein, heart rate variability and prognosis in community subjects with no apparent heart disease , 2006, Journal of internal medicine.

[94]  M. Whooley,et al.  Association of blood pressure and heart rate response during exercise with cardiovascular events in the Heart and Soul Study , 2010, Journal of hypertension.

[95]  N. Mumoli,et al.  In‐hospital mortality and morbidity of elderly medical patients can be predicted at admission by the Modified Early Warning Score: a prospective study , 2009, International journal of clinical practice.

[96]  James L Rudolph,et al.  Vital signs in older patients: age-related changes. , 2011, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.

[97]  Blair H. Smith,et al.  Severe chronic pain is associated with increased 10 year mortality. A cohort record linkage study , 2010, European journal of pain.

[98]  Daniel W. Jones,et al.  The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. , 2003, JAMA.

[99]  Frederick E Dewey,et al.  Novel predictor of prognosis from exercise stress testing: heart rate variability response to the exercise treadmill test. , 2007, American heart journal.

[100]  Peter Croft,et al.  Interpreting Change Scores for Pain and Functional Status in Low Back Pain: Towards International Consensus Regarding Minimal Important Change , 2008, Spine.

[101]  Predictors of self-rated health in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. , 2006, Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses.

[102]  K. Metz,et al.  Rpe-Based Zone of Normality for Use in Evaluating Graded Exercise Test Responses in Women , 2008, Perceptual and motor skills.

[103]  Timothy S. Carey,et al.  Accuracy of the Pain Numeric Rating Scale as a Screening Test in Primary Care , 2007, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[104]  E. Ford Trends in Mortality From All Causes and Cardiovascular Disease Among Hypertensive and Nonhypertensive Adults in the United States , 2011, Circulation.

[105]  Rgn Pgce Amelia Williamson MSc,et al.  Pain: a review of three commonly used pain rating scales , 2005 .

[106]  Corinne Caillaud,et al.  Effect of an overground walking training on gait performance in healthy 65- to 80-year-olds , 2010, Experimental Gerontology.

[107]  C. Camargo,et al.  Vital-sign abnormalities as predictors of pneumonia in adults with acute cough illness. , 2007, The American journal of emergency medicine.

[108]  A. Maggioni,et al.  Heart rate in coronary syndromes and heart failure. , 2009, Progress in cardiovascular diseases.

[109]  Sandra B. Davis,et al.  Locomotor training progression and outcomes after incomplete spinal cord injury. , 2005, Physical therapy.

[110]  M. Inzitari,et al.  Gait speed at usual pace as a predictor of adverse outcomes in community-dwelling older people an International Academy on Nutrition and Aging (IANA) Task Force , 2009, The journal of nutrition, health & aging.

[111]  M. W. Day,et al.  Fever and hyperthermia: learn to beat the heat. , 2008, Nursing.

[112]  J. Manson,et al.  Resting heart rate and coronary artery calcium in postmenopausal women. , 2011, Journal of women's health.

[113]  Susan E. Hardy,et al.  The Dynamic Nature of Mobility Disability in Older Persons , 2006, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[114]  S. Studenski,et al.  Gait speed and survival in older adults. , 2011, JAMA.