The Neuropsychology of Memory

Neuropsychology aims to describe how the brain accomplishes learning and memory, in a way that speaks both to cognitive psychology and neuroscience. This paper presents a summary of presently available information about the neuropsychology of human memory, emphasizing three ideas: a) The neural substrate of memory continues to change for a long time after initial learning. This change (memory consolidation) is distinct from the changes underlying forgetting and involves the medial temporal region of the brain. b) The nervous system honors the distinction between two kinds of learning and memory (procedural vs. declarative). The former is spared in amnesia and does not depend on the integrity of the particular brain regions that when damaged cause amnesia. c) Animal models of human amnesia in the monkey are now available. These models should permit those brain regions damaged in amnesia to be identified and should lead to more detailed neurobiological study of these regions.

[1]  W. Burnham,et al.  Retroactive Amnesia: Illustrative Cases and a Tentative Explanation , 1903 .

[2]  H. Harlow,et al.  A test-apparatus for monkeys , 1938 .

[3]  G. Ryle,et al.  心的概念 = The concept of mind , 1962 .

[4]  W. Scoville,et al.  LOSS OF RECENT MEMORY AFTER BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS , 1957, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[5]  Murray Sidman,et al.  Some additional quantitative observations of immediate memory in a patient with bilateral hippocampal lesions , 1968 .

[6]  Suzanne Corkin,et al.  ACQUISITION OF MOTOR SKILL AFTER BILATERAL MEDIAL TEMPORAL-LOBE EXCISION , 1968 .

[7]  L. Squire.  Mechanisms of memory. , 1986, Lancet.

[8]  Philip M. Corsi.  Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain. , 1972 .

[9]  B. Milner,et al.  Disorders of learning and memory after temporal lobe lesions in man. , 1972, Clinical neurosurgery.

[10]  D. Gaffan,et al.  Recognition impaired and association intact in the memory of monkeys after transection of the fornix. , 1974, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[11]  M Mishkin,et al.  An analysis of short-term visual memory in the monkey. , 1975, Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes.

[12]  Terry Winograd,et al.  FRAME REPRESENTATIONS AND THE DECLARATIVE/PROCEDURAL CONTROVERSY , 1975 .

[13]  E. Kandel.  Cellular basis of behavior: An introduction to behavioral neurobiology. , 1976 .

[14]  A. Baddeley,et al.  What can amnesic patients learn? , 1976, Neuropsychologia.

[15]  P A Kolers,et al.  Pattern-analyzing memory. , 1976, Science.

[16]  L Weiskrantz,et al.  A comparison of hippocampal pathology in man and other animals. , 1977, Ciba Foundation symposium.

[17]  M. Mishkin.  Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus , 1978, Nature.

[18]  J. A. Horel.  The neuroanatomy of amnesia. A critique of the hippocampal memory hypothesis. , 1978, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[19]  E. Warrington,et al.  Further analysis of the prior learning effect in amnesic patients , 1978, Neuropsychologia.

[20]  L Weiskrantz,et al.  Memory disorder in Korsakoff's psychosis: a neuropathological and neuropsychological investigation of two cases. , 1979, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[21]  E. Warrington,et al.  Conditioning in amnesic patients , 1979, Neuropsychologia.

[22]  H A Simon,et al.  The theory of learning by doing. , 1979, Psychological review.

[23]  G. Mandler.  Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. , 1980 .

[24]  S. Zola-Morgan,et al.  Comparative neuropsychology and Korsakoff's syndrome. I—Spatial and visual reversal learning , 1980, Neuropsychologia.

[25]  L. Squire,et al.  Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: dissociation of knowing how and knowing that. , 1980, Science.

[26]  S. Zola-Morgan,et al.  Comparative neuropsychology and Korsakoff's syndrome. II—Two-choice visual discrimination learning , 1980, Neuropsychologia.

[27]  L. Cermak,et al.  Alcoholic Korsakoff's Syndrome: An Information-Processing Approach to Amnesia , 1980 .

[28]  S. Zola-Morgan,et al.  Concurrent discrimination learning of monkeys after hippocampal, entorhinal, or fornix lesions , 1981, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[29]  L R Squire,et al.  Two forms of human amnesia: an analysis of forgetting , 1981, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[30]  S. Zola-Morgan,et al.  Retention deficits after combined amygdalo-hippocampal and selective hippocampal resections in the monkey , 1981, Neuropsychologia.

[31]  N. Cohen.  Neuropsychological evidence for a distinction between procedural and declarative knowledge in human memory and amnesia , 1981 .

[32]  A. Baddeley.  Implications of neuropsychological evidence for theories of normal memory. , 1982, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[33]  L. Jacoby,et al.  Remembering without awareness , 1982 .

[34]  M. Mishkin.  A memory system in the monkey. , 1982, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[35]  Hans J. Markowitsch,et al.  Thalamic mediodorsal nucleus and memory: A critical evaluation of studies in animals and man , 1982, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[36]  M. Mishkin,et al.  The neuroanatomy of amnesia: amygdala-hippocampus versus temporal stem. , 1982, Science.

[37]  S. Zola-Morgan,et al.  Hippocampal resections impair associative learning and recognition memory in the monkey , 1982, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[38]  W. Hirst,et al.  The amnesic syndrome: descriptions and explanations. , 1982, Psychological bulletin.

[39]  William Hirst,et al.  The amnesic syndrome: Descriptions and explanations. , 1982 .

[40]  L. Squire.  The neuropsychology of human memory. , 1982, Annual review of neuroscience.

[41]  L. Cermak.  Human memory and amnesia , 1982 .

[42]  L. Weiskrantz,et al.  Comparative aspects of studies of amnesia. , 1982, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[43]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Visual recognition impairment following medial thalamic lesions in monkeys , 1983, Neuropsychologia.

[44]  R. F. Thompson,et al.  Cellular processes of learning and memory in the mammalian CNS. , 1983, Annual review of neuroscience.

[45]  Larry R. Squire,et al.  CHAPTER 6 – THE NEUROLOGY OF MEMORY: THE CASE FOR CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE FINDINGS FOR HUMAN AND NONHUMAN PRIMATE1 , 1983 .

[46]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Severe tactual as well as visual memory deficits follow combined removal of the amygdala and hippocampus in monkeys , 1984, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[47]  L. Squire,et al.  Preserved memory in retrograde amnesia: Sparing of a recently acquired skill , 1984, Neuropsychologia.

[48]  Peter Graf,et al.  The information that amnesic patients do not forget. , 1984 .

[49]  L. Squire,et al.  Preserved learning in monkeys with medial temporal lesions: sparing of motor and cognitive skills , 1984, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[50]  G Mandler,et al.  The information that amnesic patients do not forget. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[51]  L. Squire,et al.  Human memory and amnesia , 1984 .

[52]  A. Damasio.  The Anatomic Basis of Memory Disorders , 1984 .

[53]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Monkeys with combined amygdalo-hippocampal lesions succeed in object discrimination learning despite 24-hour intertrial intervals. , 1984, Behavioral neuroscience.

[54]  L. Squire,et al.  Long gradient of retrograde amnesia in mice: continuity with the findings in humans. , 1984, Behavioral neuroscience.

[55]  Mortimer Mishkin,et al.  Monkeys with combined amygdalo-hippocampal lesions succeed in object discrimination learning despite 24-hour intertrial intervals. , 1984 .

[56]  S. Corkin.  Lasting Consequences of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy: Clinical Course and Experimental Findings in H.M. , 1984 .

[57]  M. Oscar-Berman,et al.  Matching- and delayed matching-to-sample performance as measures of visual processing, selective attention, and memory in aging and alcoholic individuals , 1985, Neuropsychologia.

[58]  L. Squire,et al.  Medial temporal lesions in monkeys impair memory on a variety of tasks sensitive to human amnesia. , 1985, Behavioral neuroscience.

[59]  M Freedman,et al.  Bilateral frontal lobe disease and selective delayed response deficits in humans. , 1986, Behavioral neuroscience.

[60]  A P Shimamura,et al.  Priming Effects in Amnesia: Evidence for a Dissociable Memory Function , 1986, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[61]  L. Squire,et al.  Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus , 1986, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[62]  L. Squire,et al.  Memory impairment in monkeys following lesions limited to the hippocampus. , 1986, Behavioral neuroscience.

[63]  L. Squire,et al.  Characterizing amnesic patients for neurobehavioral study. , 1986, Behavioral neuroscience.

[64]  D. Amaral,et al.  The entorhinal cortex of the monkey: II. Cortical afferents , 1987, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[65]  L Weiskrantz,et al.  Neuroanatomy of memory and amnesia: a case for multiple memory systems. , 1987, Human neurobiology.

[66]  M. Nissen,et al.  Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures , 1987, Cognitive Psychology.

[67]  D. Schacter.  Memory, amnesia, and frontal lobe dysfunction , 1987, Psychobiology.

[68]  D. Schacter,et al.  The Evolution of Multiple Memory Systems , 1987 .

[69]  L. Squire,et al.  Memory: brain systems and behavior , 1988, Trends in Neurosciences.

[70]  L. Squire,et al.  Human amnesia and animal models of amnesia: performance of amnesic patients on tests designed for the monkey. , 1988, Behavioral neuroscience.

[71]  M. Mishkin,et al.  Dissociation of the effects of inferior temporal and limbic lesions on object discrimination learning with 24-h intertrial intervals , 1988, Behavioural Brain Research.

[72]  R. M. Nicol,et al.  The performance of amnesic subjects on tests of experimental amnesia in animals: delayed matching-to-sample and concurrent learning , 1988, Neuropsychologia.

[73]  Arthur P. Shimamura,et al.  The neurology of memory: quantitative assessment of retrograde amnesia in two groups of amnesic patients , 1989, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[74]  L. Squire,et al.  Preserved learning and memory in amnesia: intact adaptation-level effects and learning of stereoscopic depth. , 1989, Behavioral neuroscience.

[75]  I. Daum,et al.  Classical conditioning in patients with severe memory problems. , 1989, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[76]  L. Squire,et al.  Lesions of the amygdala that spare adjacent cortical regions do not impair memory or exacerbate the impairment following lesions of the hippocampal formation , 1989, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[77]  D. Amaral,et al.  Lesions of perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex that spare the amygdala and hippocampal formation produce severe memory impairment , 1989, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[78]  D. Amaral,et al.  Description of brain injury in the amnesic patient N.A. Based on magnetic resonance imaging , 1989, Experimental Neurology.

[79]  L R Squire,et al.  Lesions of the hippocampal formation but not lesions of the fornix or the mammillary nuclei produce long-lasting memory impairment in monkeys , 1989, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[80]  L. Squire,et al.  Cognitive skill learning in amnesia , 1990, Psychobiology.

[81]  L. Squire,et al.  The primate hippocampal formation: evidence for a time-limited role in memory storage. , 1990, Science.

[82]  J. Bachevalier,et al.  Ontogenetic Development of Habit and Memory Formation in Primates , 1990, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[83]  N Butters,et al.  The biasing of weight judgments in Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease: a priming or programming phenomenon. , 1991, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.