Retroviral insertional mutagenesis as a strategy to identify cancer genes.

2. Retroviruses as insertional mutagens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.1. The retrovirus life cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.2. Mechanisms of insertional activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3. Endogenous retrovirus-like sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

[1]  G. Shaw,et al.  A conserved AU sequence from the 3′ untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation , 1986, Cell.

[2]  R. Craigie Hotspots and warm spots: integration specificity of retroelements. , 1992, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[3]  G. Peters,et al.  Multiple RNAs expressed from the int‐2 gene in mouse embryonal carcinoma cell lines encode a protein with homology to fibroblast growth factors. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[4]  P. Seeburg,et al.  Tripartite structure of the avian erythroblastosis virus E26 transforming gene , 1983, Nature.

[5]  R. Nusse,et al.  Oncogene activation and oncogene cooperation in MMTV-induced mouse mammary cancer. , 1995, Seminars in cancer biology.

[6]  R. Tekmal,et al.  The overexpression of int-5/Aromatase, a novel MMTV integration locus gene, is responsible for D2 mammary tumor cell proliferation. , 1995, Cancer letters.

[7]  P. Laird,et al.  In vivo analysis of Pim-1 deficiency. , 1993, Nucleic acids research.

[8]  T. Hunter,et al.  Cyclins and cancer , 1991, Cell.

[9]  S. Benchimol,et al.  Inactivation of the cellular p53 gene is a common feature of Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia: relationship of inactivation to dominant transforming alleles , 1990, Molecular and cellular biology.

[10]  S. Schuetze,et al.  A common site for immortalizing proviral integrations in Friend erythroleukemia: molecular cloning and characterization , 1989, Journal of virology.

[11]  H. Tanaka,et al.  Mouse mammary tumor virus with rearranged long terminal repeats causes murine lymphomas , 1993, Journal of virology.

[12]  R. Palmiter,et al.  The c-myc oncogene driven by immunoglobulin enhancers induces lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice , 1985, Nature.

[13]  T. Heidmann,et al.  Retrotransposition of a mouse IAP sequence tagged with an indicator gene , 1991, Cell.

[14]  U. Dührsen,et al.  In vivo transformation of factor‐dependent hemopoietic cells: role of intracisternal A‐particle transposition for growth factor gene activation. , 1990, The EMBO journal.

[15]  G. Peters,et al.  Proviral insertions within the int-2 gene can generate multiple anomalous transcripts but leave the protein-coding domain intact , 1990, Journal of virology.

[16]  P. Marrack,et al.  A superantigen encoded in the open reading frame of the 3′ long terminal repeat of mouse mammary tumour virus , 1991, Nature.

[17]  P. Romeo,et al.  Spleen focus-forming virus long terminal repeat insertional activation of the murine erythropoietin receptor gene in the T3Cl-2 friend leukemia cell line. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[18]  A. Brown,et al.  The proto‐oncogene int‐1 encodes a secreted protein associated with the extracellular matrix. , 1990, The EMBO journal.

[19]  B. Sefton,et al.  Transcriptional activation of lck by retrovirus promoter insertion between two lymphoid-specific promoters , 1988, Journal of virology.

[20]  A. Patel,et al.  myc function and regulation. , 1992, Annual review of biochemistry.

[21]  I. G. Young,et al.  Constitutive synthesis of interleukin-3 by leukaemia cell line WEHI-3B is due to retroviral insertion near the gene , 1985, Nature.

[22]  K. Kinzler,et al.  The multistep nature of cancer. , 1993, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[23]  Y. Haupt,et al.  Moloney virus induction of T‐cell lymphomas in a plasmacytomagenic strain of Eμ‐V‐ABL transgenic mice , 1993, International journal of cancer.

[24]  C. Gilks,et al.  Progression of interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent rat T cell lymphoma lines to IL-2-independent growth following activation of a gene (Gfi-1) encoding a novel zinc finger protein , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[25]  P. Laird,et al.  Impaired interleukin-3 response in Pim-1-deficient bone marrow-derived mast cells. , 1993, Blood.

[26]  E. Serfling Autoregulation--a common property of eukaryotic transcription factors? , 1989, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[27]  K. Kinzler,et al.  Oncogenic forms of p53 inhibit p53-regulated gene expression , 1992 .

[28]  C. Spiro,et al.  The membrane glycoprotein of Friend spleen focus-forming virus: evidence that the cell surface component is required for pathogenesis and that it binds to a receptor , 1987, Journal of virology.

[29]  J. Bishop,et al.  Transcriptional activation by the v-myb oncogene and its cellular progenitor, c-myb , 1989, Cell.

[30]  F. Tamanoi,et al.  The catalytic domain of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene product stimulates ras GTPase and complements ira mutants of S. cerevisiae , 1990, Cell.

[31]  N. Casadevall,et al.  Multimeric structure of the membrane erythropoietin receptor of murine erythroleukemia cells (Friend cells). Cross-linking of erythropoietin with the spleen focus-forming virus envelope protein. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[32]  T. Mitchell Increased hematopoiesis in mice soon after infection by Friend murine leukemia virus , 1993, Journal of virology.

[33]  A. Berns,et al.  Evidence for the involvement of pim‐2, a new common proviral insertion site, in progression of lymphomas. , 1989, The EMBO journal.

[34]  N. Copeland,et al.  Ecotropic murine leukemia virus DNA content of normal and lymphomatous tissues of BXH-2 recombinant inbred mice , 1982, Journal of virology.

[35]  J. S. Lee,et al.  Activation of multiple genes by provirus integration in the Mlvi-4 locus in T-cell lymphomas induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus , 1990, Journal of virology.

[36]  A. Arnold,et al.  A novel cyclin encoded by a bcl1-linked candidate oncogene , 1991, Nature.

[37]  D. Onions,et al.  Transduction and rearrangement of the myc gene by feline leukaemia virus in naturally occurring T-cell leukaemias , 1984, Nature.

[38]  B. Chesebro,et al.  Leukemia induction by a new strain of Friend mink cell focus-inducing virus: synergistic effect of Friend ecotropic murine leukemia virus , 1984, Journal of virology.

[39]  John G. Collard,et al.  A role for Rac in Tiaml-induced membrane ruffling and invasion , 1995, Nature.

[40]  N. Copeland,et al.  AKXD recombinant inbred strains: models for studying the molecular genetic basis of murine lymphomas , 1986, Molecular and cellular biology.

[41]  A. D’Andrea,et al.  Molecular mimicry of erythropoietin by the spleen focus-forming virus gp55 glycoprotein: the first stage of Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia. , 1992, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[42]  M. Zijlstra,et al.  Involvement of c‐myc in MuLV‐induced T cell lymphomas in mice: frequency and mechanisms of activation. , 1984, The EMBO journal.

[43]  J. Schrader,et al.  Intracisternal A-type particle-mediated activations of cytokine genes in a murine myelomonocytic leukemia: generation of functional cytokine mRNAs by retroviral splicing events , 1991, Molecular and cellular biology.

[44]  T. Moen,et al.  Polyclonal Activation of B‐Lymphocytes and Induction of Autoimmunity in Retrovirus Infected NMRI Mice , 1993, Scandinavian journal of immunology.

[45]  E. Linney,et al.  Suppression of leukaemia virus pathogenicity by polyoma virus enhancers , 1985, Nature.

[46]  Walter Schaffner,et al.  Enhancers and eukaryotic gene transcription , 1985 .

[47]  K. Kinzler,et al.  Definition of a consensus binding site for p53 , 1992, Nature Genetics.

[48]  T. Storch,et al.  Proliferation of infected lymphoid precursors before Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphoma. , 1985, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[49]  T. Hla,et al.  Recovery of mitogenic activity of a growth factor mutant with a nuclear translocation sequence. , 1990, Science.

[50]  T. Yagi,et al.  Env‐derived gp55 gene of Friend spleen focus‐forming virus specifically induces neoplastic proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells. , 1990, The EMBO journal.

[51]  L. Levy,et al.  flvi-1, a common integration domain of feline leukemia virus in naturally occurring lymphomas of a particular type , 1990, Journal of virology.

[52]  L. Sachs,et al.  DNA rearrangement of a homeobox gene in myeloid leukaemic cells. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[53]  E. Lander,et al.  A genetic linkage map of the mouse: current applications and future prospects. , 1993, Science.

[54]  G. Peters,et al.  Competition between nuclear localization and secretory signals determines the subcellular fate of a single CUG‐initiated form of FGF3. , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[55]  N. Copeland,et al.  Retroviral activation of a novel gene encoding a zinc finger protein in IL-3-dependent myeloid leukemia cell lines , 1988, Cell.

[56]  I. Fidler,et al.  The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis , 1980, Nature.

[57]  J. Shay,et al.  A transcriptionally active DNA-binding site for human p53 protein complexes , 1992, Molecular and cellular biology.

[58]  D. Faller,et al.  The long terminal repeats of a murine retrovirus encode a trans-activator for cellular genes. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[59]  Scott W. Lowe,et al.  p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes , 1993, Nature.

[60]  M. Arsura,et al.  The myb oncogene family of transcription factors: potent regulators of hematopoietic cell proliferation and differentiation. , 1994, Seminars in cancer biology.

[61]  E. Reddy,et al.  Structure and expression of human Fli-1 gene. , 1992, Cancer research.

[62]  P. Tsichlis,et al.  Concerted DNA rearrangements in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced thymomas: a potential synergistic relationship in oncogenesis , 1985, Journal of virology.

[63]  O. Melnyk,et al.  Characterization of a candidate bcl-1 gene , 1991, Molecular and cellular biology.

[64]  H. Varmus,et al.  Retroviral integration into minichromosomes in vitro. , 1992, The EMBO journal.

[65]  A. Bernstein,et al.  p53 transgenic mice: accelerated erythroleukemia induction by Friend virus. , 1991, Oncogene.

[66]  N. Copeland,et al.  Identification of a common ecotropic viral integration site, Evi-1, in the DNA of AKXD murine myeloid tumors , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[67]  G. Shen-Ong,et al.  BALB/c Mice: Requirement of c-myb Activation but Lack of v-abl Involvement , 2022 .

[68]  E. Reddy,et al.  EWS/Fli-1 chimeric protein is a transcriptional activator. , 1993, Cancer research.

[69]  Mark J Alkema,et al.  Transformation of axial skeleton due to overexpression of bmi-1 in transgenic mice , 1995, Nature.

[70]  N. Copeland,et al.  Effects of provirus integration in the Tpl-1/Ets-1 locus in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced rat T-cell lymphomas: levels of expression, polyadenylation, transcriptional initiation, and differential splicing of the Ets-1 mRNA , 1994, Journal of virology.

[71]  G. Peters,et al.  Proviral insertions near cyclin D1 in mouse lymphomas: a parallel for BCL1 translocations in human B-cell neoplasms. , 1992, Oncogene.

[72]  T. Hirano,et al.  Functional murine interleukin 6 receptor with the intracisternal A particle gene product at its cytoplasmic domain. Its possible role in plasmacytomagenesis , 1990, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[73]  J. Overbaugh,et al.  flvi-2, a target of retroviral insertional mutagenesis in feline thymic lymphosarcomas, encodes bmi-1. , 1993, Oncogene.

[74]  R. Cardiff,et al.  Insertion mutation of the int-1 and int-2 loci by mouse mammary tumor virus in premalignant and malignant neoplasms from the GR mouse strain , 1990, Journal of virology.

[75]  Levesque Ks,et al.  Evolutionary conservation and chromosomal localization of flvi-1. , 1991 .

[76]  J. Ihle,et al.  Retroviral insertions 90 kilobases proximal to the Evi-1 myeloid transforming gene activate transcription from the normal promoter , 1991, Molecular and cellular biology.

[77]  J. Ihle,et al.  Retroviral insertions in the murine His-1 locus activate the expression of a novel RNA that lacks an extensive open reading frame , 1994, Molecular and cellular biology.

[78]  U. Francke,et al.  The Vin-1 gene, identified by provirus insertional mutagenesis, is the cyclin D2. , 1993, Oncogene.

[79]  T. Metz,et al.  Absence of p53 allows direct immortalization of hematopoietic cells by the myc and raf oncogenes , 1995, Cell.

[80]  N. Copeland,et al.  Sequence homology shared by neurofibromatosis type-1 gene and IRA-1 and IRA-2 negative regulators of the RAS cyclic AMP pathway , 1990, Nature.

[81]  A. Berns,et al.  Mice bearing the E mu-myc and E mu-pim-1 transgenes develop pre-B-cell leukemia prenatally , 1991, Molecular and cellular biology.

[82]  V. Morris,et al.  A common mouse mammary tumor virus integration site in chemically induced precancerous mammary hyperplasias. , 1986, Virology.

[83]  J. Coffin,et al.  Determination of 3' end processing in retroelements. , 1990, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[84]  L. Wolff,et al.  Novel integration sites at the distal 3' end of the c-myb locus in retrovirus-induced promonocytic leukemias , 1995, Journal of virology.

[85]  G. Jürgens A group of genes controlling the spatial expression of the bithorax complex in Drosophila , 1985, Nature.

[86]  H. Varmus,et al.  Transgenes expressing the Wnt-1 and int-2 proto-oncogenes cooperate during mammary carcinogenesis in doubly transgenic mice , 1992, Molecular and cellular biology.

[87]  John G. Collard,et al.  Identification of an invasion-inducing gene, Tiam-1, that encodes a protein with homology to GDP-GTP exchangers for Rho-like proteins , 1994, Cell.

[88]  B. Sugden How some retroviruses got their oncogenes. , 1993, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[89]  T. Honjo,et al.  Establishment of an interleukin‐5‐dependent subclone from an interleukin‐3‐dependent murine hemopoietic progenitor cell line, LyD9, and its malignant transformation by autocrine secretion of interleukin‐5. , 1990, The EMBO journal.

[90]  H. Klinger,et al.  Characterization of a human gene conferring sensitivity to infection by gibbon ape leukemia virus. , 1990, Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[91]  M. Zijlstra,et al.  Tumor progression in murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomas: monitoring clonal selections with viral and cellular probes , 1986, Journal of virology.

[92]  G. Hicks,et al.  Integration of Friend murine leukemia virus into both alleles of the p53 oncogene in an erythroleukemic cell line , 1988, Journal of virology.

[93]  S. O’Brien,et al.  A common proviral integration region, fit-1, in T-cell tumors induced by myc-containing feline leukemia viruses. , 1993, Virology.

[94]  P. Waight,et al.  Alterations in the U3 region of the long terminal repeat of an infectious thymotropic type B retrovirus , 1988, Journal of virology.

[95]  Uematsu,et al.  Transcription of T cell receptor beta‐chain genes is controlled by a downstream regulatory element. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[96]  W. Quint,et al.  M-MuLV-induced leukemogenesis: Integration and structure of recombinant proviruses in tumors , 1981, Cell.

[97]  Margaret Robertson,et al.  The neurofibromatosis type 1 gene encodes a protein related to GAP , 1990, Cell.

[98]  Harold E. Varmus,et al.  Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome , 1982, Cell.

[99]  H. Varmus The molecular genetics of cellular oncogenes. , 1984, Annual review of genetics.

[100]  D. Steffen,et al.  Frequent activation of the lck gene by promoter insertion and aberrant splicing in murine leukemia virus-induced rat lymphomas. , 1993, Oncogene.

[101]  D. Gallahan,et al.  Mammary tumorigenesis in feral mice: identification of a new int locus in mouse mammary tumor virus (Czech II)-induced mammary tumors , 1987, Journal of virology.

[102]  J. Cunningham,et al.  A putative murine ecotropic retrovirus receptor gene encodes a multiple membrane-spanning protein and confers susceptibility to virus infection , 1989, Cell.

[103]  Mark S. Boguski,et al.  Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives , 1993, Nature.

[104]  C. Kozak,et al.  A common integration locus in type B retrovirus-induced thymic lymphomas. , 1992, Virology.

[105]  S. Artavanis-Tsakonas,et al.  Specific truncations of Drosophila Notch define dominant activated and dominant negative forms of the receptor , 1993, Cell.

[106]  V. Baldin,et al.  Translocation of bFGF to the nucleus is G1 phase cell cycle specific in bovine aortic endothelial cells. , 1990, The EMBO journal.

[107]  G. Martin,et al.  Fgf-4 expression during gastrulation, myogenesis, limb and tooth development in the mouse. , 1992, Development.

[108]  L. Dogliotti,et al.  Endocrinology of the breast: basic and clinical aspects. Turin, Italy, September 19-22, 1984. , 1986, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[109]  Andrew P. McMahon,et al.  The Wnt-1 (int-1) proto-oncogene is required for development of a large region of the mouse brain , 1990, Cell.

[110]  Charles J. Sherr,et al.  The c-fms proto-oncogene product is related to the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte growth factor, CSF 1 , 1985, Cell.

[111]  A. Berns,et al.  Predisposition to lymphomagenesis in pim-1 transgenic mice: Cooperation with c-myc and N-myc in murine leukemia virus-induced tumors , 1989, Cell.

[112]  A. Joyner,et al.  The midbrain-hindbrain phenotype of Wnt-1− Wnt-1− mice results from stepwise deletion of engrailed-expressing cells by 9.5 days postcoitum , 1992, Cell.

[113]  A. McMahon,et al.  Wnt genes and vertebrate development. , 1994, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[114]  Y. Haupt,et al.  Retroviral infection accelerates T lymphomagenesis in E mu-N-ras transgenic mice by activating c-myc or N-myc. , 1992, Oncogene.

[115]  K. Harbers,et al.  Retroviral integration sites in transgenic Mov mice frequently map in the vicinity of transcribed DNA regions , 1990, Journal of virology.

[116]  J. M. Adams,et al.  Expression of Hox-2.4 homeobox gene directed by proviral insertion in a myeloid leukemia. , 1989, Nucleic acids research.

[117]  D. Baltimore,et al.  Mechanism of leukemogenesis induced by mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia viruses , 1991, Journal of virology.

[118]  J. Charlton,et al.  Genetic interactions of the suppressor 2 of zeste region genes. , 1989, Developmental genetics.

[119]  J. Coffin,et al.  Highly preferred targets for retrovirus integration , 1988, Cell.

[120]  H. Temin,et al.  Rate and mechanism of nonhomologous recombination during a single cycle of retroviral replication. , 1993, Science.

[121]  S. Cory,et al.  Murine T lymphomas in which the cellular myc oncogene has been activated by retroviral insertion , 1984, Cell.

[122]  S. Orkin,et al.  Erythroid differentiation in chimaeric mice blocked by a targeted mutation in the gene for transcription factor GATA-1 , 1991, Nature.

[123]  J. Slack,et al.  Developmental expression of the Xenopus int-2 (FGF-3) gene: activation by mesodermal and neural induction. , 1992, Development.

[124]  C. Kozak,et al.  Dsi-1, a region with frequent proviral insertions in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced rat thymomas , 1987, Journal of virology.

[125]  Mario R. Capecchi,et al.  Targeted disruption of the murine int-1 proto-oncogene resulting in severe abnormalities in midbrain and cerebellar development , 1990, Nature.

[126]  J. Ihle,et al.  Four of the seven zinc fingers of the Evi-1 myeloid-transforming gene are required for sequence-specific binding to GA(C/T)AAGA(T/C)AAGATAA , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[127]  A. Bernstein,et al.  Inactivation of the p53 oncogene by internal deletion or retroviral integration in erythroleukemic cell lines induced by Friend leukemia virus. , 1988, Oncogene.

[128]  S. Benchimol,et al.  Growth suppression of Friend virus-transformed erythroleukemia cells by p53 protein is accompanied by hemoglobin production and is sensitive to erythropoietin , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[129]  A. Bernstein,et al.  Deletion of 5'-coding sequences of the cellular p53 gene in mouse erythroleukemia: a novel mechanism of oncogene regulation , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[130]  F. Apiou,et al.  Putative oncogenic role of the erythropoietin receptor in murine and human erythroleukemia cells. , 1994, Blood.

[131]  G. Stamp,et al.  Nonuniform expression of a mouse mammary tumor virus-driven int-2/Fgf-3 transgene in pregnancy-responsive breast tumors. , 1992, Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[132]  M. Frasch,et al.  Sequence similarity between the mammalian bmi-1 proto-oncogene and the Drosophila regulatory genes Psc and Su(z)2 , 1991, Nature.

[133]  J. Bishop The molecular genetics of cancer. , 1987, Science.

[134]  S. Cory,et al.  Transgenic models for haemopoietic malignancies. , 1991, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[135]  F. Moreau-Gachelin,et al.  Spi-1 is a putative oncogene in virally induced murine erythroleukaemias , 1988, Nature.

[136]  R. Nusse,et al.  Activation of int-1 and int-2 mammary oncogenes in hormone-dependent and -independent mammary tumors of GR mice , 1987, Journal of virology.

[137]  H. Robinson,et al.  Infrequent involvement of c-fos in avian leukosis virus-induced nephroblastoma , 1990, Journal of virology.

[138]  P. Lazo,et al.  The Mlvi-1 locus involved in the induction of rat T-cell lymphomas and the pvt-1/Mis-1 locus are identical , 1989, Journal of virology.

[139]  G. Dambrine,et al.  Induction of nephroblastoma by myeloblastosis-associated virus type 1: state of proviral DNAs in tumor cells , 1989, Journal of virology.

[140]  M. Capecchi,et al.  Mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of the proto-oncogene int-2 have developmental defects in the tail and inner ear. , 1993, Development.

[141]  P. Brown,et al.  Integration of murine leukemia virus DNA depends on mitosis. , 1993, The EMBO journal.

[142]  J. Silver,et al.  Novel use of polymerase chain reaction to amplify cellular DNA adjacent to an integrated provirus , 1989, Journal of virology.

[143]  H. Lodish,et al.  Activation of cell growth by binding of Friend spleen focus-forming virus gp55 glycoprotein to the erythropoietin receptor , 1990, Nature.

[144]  D. Gallahan,et al.  Expression of an activated Notch-related int-3 transgene interferes with cell differentiation and induces neoplastic transformation in mammary and salivary glands. , 1992, Genes & development.

[145]  E. Reddy,et al.  Analysis of the DNA-binding and transcriptional activation functions of human Fli-1 protein. , 1993, Oncogene.

[146]  P. Leder,et al.  Coexpression of MMTV/v-Ha-ras and MMTV/c-myc genes in transgenic mice: Synergistic action of oncogenes in vivo , 1987, Cell.

[147]  G. Peters,et al.  Activation of both Wnt-1 and Fgf-3 by insertion of mouse mammary tumor virus downstream in the reverse orientation: a reappraisal of the enhancer insertion model. , 1993, Virology.

[148]  M. Mattei,et al.  The putative oncogene Spi-1: murine chromosomal localization and transcriptional activation in murine acute erythroleukemias. , 1989, Oncogene.

[149]  Norbert Perrimon,et al.  Components of wingless signalling in Drosophila , 1994, Nature.

[150]  M. Hayman,et al.  Characterization of a novel promoter insertion in the c-rel locus , 1990, Molecular and cellular biology.

[151]  G. Lozano,et al.  Transcriptional activation by wild-type but not transforming mutants of the p53 anti-oncogene. , 1990, Science.

[152]  S. Fichelson,et al.  Alternative splicing of the Evi-1 zinc finger gene generates mRNAs which differ by the number of zinc finger motifs. , 1990, Oncogene.

[153]  E. Rassart,et al.  Identification of a new common provirus integration site in gross passage A murine leukemia virus-induced mouse thymoma DNA , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[154]  R. Sékaly,et al.  A viral long terminal repeat expressed in CD4+CD8+ precursors is downregulated in mature peripheral CD4-CD8+ or CD4+CD8- T cells , 1992, Molecular and cellular biology.

[155]  R. Weinberg,et al.  The integrated genome of murine leukemia virus , 1978, Cell.

[156]  A. Rein Interference grouping of murine leukemia viruses: a distinct receptor for the MCF-recombinant viruses in mouse cells. , 1982, Virology.

[157]  K. Lueders,et al.  The intracisternal A-particle gene family: structure and functional aspects. , 1988, Advances in cancer research.

[158]  L. Wolff,et al.  Acute myeloid leukemia induction by amphotropic murine retrovirus (4070A): clonal integrations involve c-myb in some but not all leukemias , 1991, Journal of virology.

[159]  S. Fields,et al.  Presence of a potent transcription activating sequence in the p53 protein. , 1990, Science.

[160]  N. Copeland,et al.  Localization of Evi-2 to chromosome 11: linkage to other proto-oncogene and growth factor loci using interspecific backcross mice. , 1988, Oncogene research.

[161]  C. MacArthur,et al.  Fgf-8, activated by proviral insertion, cooperates with the Wnt-1 transgene in murine mammary tumorigenesis , 1995, Journal of virology.

[162]  Mark J Alkema,et al.  Characterization and chromosomal localization of the human proto-oncogene BMI-1. , 1993, Human molecular genetics.

[163]  E. Goldwasser,et al.  Rearrangement and expression of erythropoietin genes in transformed mouse cells , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[164]  C. Melief,et al.  Retrovirally induced murine B‐cell tumors rarely show proviral integration in sites common in T‐cell tumors , 1989, International journal of cancer.

[165]  G. Thomas,et al.  Gene fusion with an ETS DNA-binding domain caused by chromosome translocation in human tumours , 1992, Nature.

[166]  C. Kozak,et al.  The Sfpi-1 proviral integration site of Friend erythroleukemia encodes the ets-related transcription factor Pu.1 , 1991, Journal of virology.

[167]  M. Potter,et al.  Activation of the c-myb locus by viral insertional mutagenesis in plasmacytoid lymphosarcomas. , 1984, Science.

[168]  D. Faller,et al.  The Moloney Leukemia Retroviral Long Terminal Repeat trans-Activates AP-1-inducible Genes and AP-1 Transcription Factor Binding (*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[169]  G. Dekaban,et al.  Integration of type B retroviral DNA in virus-induced primary murine thymic lymphomas , 1984, Journal of virology.

[170]  D. Spandidos,et al.  Genetic determinants of feline leukemia virus-induced lymphoid tumors: patterns of proviral insertion and gene rearrangement , 1994, Journal of virology.

[171]  E. Rassart,et al.  Identification of a common viral integration region in Cas-Br-E murine leukemia virus-induced non-T-, non-B-cell lymphomas , 1991, Journal of virology.

[172]  David Beach,et al.  p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases , 1993, Nature.

[173]  J. Yokota,et al.  EVI-1 zinc finger protein works as a transcriptional activator via binding to a consensus sequence of GACAAGATAAGATAAN1-28 CTCATCTTC. , 1995, Oncogene.

[174]  C. Stocking,et al.  Identification of genes involved in growth autonomy of hematopoietic cells by analysis of factor-independent mutants , 1988, Cell.

[175]  R. Weinberg,et al.  Oncogenes, antioncogenes, and the molecular bases of multistep carcinogenesis. , 1989, Cancer research.

[176]  W. S. Hayward,et al.  Rapid induction of B-cell lymphomas: insertional activation of c-myb by avian leukosis virus , 1988, Journal of virology.

[177]  P. Leder,et al.  The int‐2 gene product acts as an epithelial growth factor in transgenic mice. , 1990, The EMBO journal.

[178]  N. Copeland,et al.  Recombinant inbred mouse strains: models for studying the molecular genetic basis of myeloid tumorigenesis. , 1989, Current topics in microbiology and immunology.

[179]  B. Sola,et al.  Frequent involvement of the fim-3 region in Friend murine leukemia virus-induced mouse myeloblastic leukemias , 1987, Journal of virology.

[180]  E. Schuuring,et al.  Linkage map of a region of human chromosome band 11q13 amplified in breast and squamous cell tumors , 1992, Genes, chromosomes & cancer.

[181]  E. Rassart,et al.  Expression and DNA rearrangement of proto-oncogenes in Cas-Br-E-induced non-T-, non-B-cell leukemias. , 1993, Leukemia.

[182]  S. Ruscetti,et al.  Friend spleen focus-forming virus induces factor independence in an erythropoietin-dependent erythroleukemia cell line , 1990, Journal of virology.

[183]  E. H. Humphries,et al.  RAV-1 insertional mutagenesis: disruption of the c-myb locus and development of avian B-cell lymphomas , 1989, Journal of virology.

[184]  G. Nicolson Cancer metastasis: tumor cell and host organ properties important in metastasis to specific secondary sites. , 1988, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[185]  A. Bernstein,et al.  Multistage Friend erythroleukemia: independent origin of tumor clones with normal or rearranged p53 cellular oncogenes , 1987, Journal of virology.

[186]  E. Rassart,et al.  Proviral integration site Mis-1 in rat thymomas corresponds to the pvt-1 translocation breakpoint in murine plasmacytomas , 1986, Molecular and cellular biology.

[187]  K. Chandy,et al.  Effects of nonleukemogenic and wild-type Moloney murine leukemia virus on lymphoid cells in vivo: identification of a preleukemic shift in thymocyte subpopulations , 1986, Journal of virology.

[188]  J. Abkowitz,et al.  Coincident involvement of flvi-2, c-myc, and novel env genes in natural and experimental lymphosarcomas induced by feline leukemia virus. , 1993, Virology.

[189]  S. Benchimol,et al.  Friend virus induced murine erythroleukaemia: the p53 locus. , 1992, Cancer Surveys.

[190]  N. Copeland,et al.  Common sites of viral integration in lymphomas arising in AKXD recombinant inbred mouse strains. , 1987, Oncogene research.

[191]  P. Tsichlis,et al.  A common region for proviral DNA integration in MoMuLV-induced rat thymic lymphomas , 1983, Nature.

[192]  R. Kerbel,et al.  Retroviral insertional mutagenesis as a strategy for the identification of genes associated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) resistance. , 1995, Cancer research.

[193]  Anton Berns,et al.  Identification of cooperating oncogenes in Eμ-myc transgenic mice by provirus tagging , 1991, Cell.

[194]  M. Clarke,et al.  Cell cycle analysis of p53-induced cell death in murine erythroleukemia cells , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[195]  F. Wendling,et al.  Rearrangements of the Pim-1, c-myc, and p53 genes in Friend helper virus-induced mouse erythroleukemias. , 1990, Leukemia.

[196]  P. Tsichlis,et al.  Replacement of interleukin-2 (IL-2)-generated mitogenic signals by a mink cell focus-forming (MCF) or xenotropic virus-induced IL-9-dependent autocrine loop: implications for MCF virus-induced leukemogenesis , 1994, Journal of virology.

[197]  G. Klein Cellular oncogene activation , 1988 .

[198]  C. Tickle,et al.  FGF-4 replaces the apical ectodermal ridge and directs outgrowth and patterning of the limb , 1993, Cell.

[199]  A. Berns,et al.  Proviral activation of the putative oncogene Pim‐1 in MuLV induced T‐cell lymphomas. , 1985, The EMBO journal.

[200]  M. Sofroniew,et al.  Posterior transformation, neurological abnormalities, and severe hematopoietic defects in mice with a targeted deletion of the bmi-1 proto-oncogene. , 1994, Genes & development.

[201]  C. Fang,et al.  Cell surface activation of the erythropoietin receptor by Friend spleen focus-forming virus gp55 , 1995, Journal of virology.

[202]  L. V. van Griensven,et al.  Rauscher "mink cell focus-inducing" (MCF) virus causes erythroleukemia in mice: its isolation and properties. , 1980, Virology.

[203]  E. Rassart,et al.  Substitution of the U3 long terminal repeat region of the neurotropic Cas-Br-E retrovirus affects its disease-inducing potential , 1990, Journal of virology.

[204]  P. Adler,et al.  Drosophila genes Posterior Sex Combs and Suppressor two of zeste encode proteins with homology to the murine bmi-1 oncogene , 1991, Nature.

[205]  J. Sodroski,et al.  Location of the trans-activating region on the genome of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III. , 1985, Science.

[206]  A. Bernstein,et al.  Erythroleukemia induction by Friend murine leukemia virus: insertional activation of a new member of the ets gene family, Fli-1, closely linked to c-ets-1. , 1991, Genes & development.

[207]  A. Rein,et al.  10A1 MuLV induces a murine leukemia that expresses hematopoietic stem cell markers by a mechanism that includes fli-1 integration. , 1994, Virology.

[208]  T. Unger,et al.  Rearrangement of the oncogene c-mos in mouse myeloma NSI and hybridomas , 1983, Nature.

[209]  A. Bernstein,et al.  RNA tumor viruses , 1982 .

[210]  S. Elledge,et al.  The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases , 1993, Cell.

[211]  N. Copeland,et al.  His-1 and His-2: identification and chromosomal mapping of two commonly rearranged sites of viral integration in a myeloid leukemia. , 1991, Oncogene.

[212]  I. Weinstein,et al.  Rearranged c-mos locus in a MOPC 21 murine myeloma cell line and its persistence in hybridomas , 1983, Nature.

[213]  M. Breindl,et al.  Transcriptionally active genome regions are preferred targets for retrovirus integration , 1990, Journal of virology.

[214]  H L Robinson,et al.  Acceptor sites for retroviral integrations map near DNase I-hypersensitive sites in chromatin , 1986, Journal of virology.

[215]  N. Copeland,et al.  Activation of the prolactin receptor gene by promoter insertion in a Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced rat thymoma , 1992, Journal of virology.

[216]  D. Faller,et al.  A transcript from the long terminal repeats of a murine retrovirus associated with trans activation of cellular genes , 1995, Journal of virology.

[217]  G. Peters,et al.  The Int-2/Fgf-3 oncogene product is secreted and associates with extracellular matrix: implications for cell transformation , 1991, Molecular and cellular biology.

[218]  S. Goff,et al.  Genetics of retroviral integration. , 1992, Annual review of genetics.

[219]  P. O'Connell,et al.  cDNA sequence and genomic structure of EV12B, a gene lying within an intron of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene. , 1991, Genomics.

[220]  A. McMahon,et al.  Expression of the FGF‐related proto‐oncogene int‐2 during gastrulation and neurulation in the mouse. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[221]  S. Ruscetti,et al.  The spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) envelope gene, when introduced into mice in the absence of other SFFV genes, induces acute erythroleukemia , 1988, Journal of virology.

[222]  G. Peters,et al.  Activation of cellular gene by mouse mammary tumour virus may occur early in mammary tumour development , 1984, Nature.

[223]  A. Bernstein,et al.  Rearrangements of the cellular p53 gene in erythroleukaemic cells transformed by Friend virus , 1985, Nature.

[224]  N. Copeland,et al.  Evi-2, a common integration site involved in murine myeloid leukemogenesis , 1990, Molecular and cellular biology.

[225]  J. Ihle,et al.  DNA rearrangements proximal to the EVI1 locus associated with the 3q21q26 syndrome. , 1994, Blood.

[226]  Yi-Song Wang,et al.  Reconstitution of wild-type p53 expression triggers apoptosis in a p53-negative v-myc retrovirus-induced T-cell lymphoma line. , 1993, Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[227]  M. Lohuizen,et al.  Very high frequency of lymphoma induction by a chemical carcinogen in pim-1 transgenic mice , 1989, Nature.

[228]  C. Kozak,et al.  Common proviral integration region on mouse chromosome 7 in lymphomas and myelogenous leukemias induced by Friend murine leukemia virus , 1986, Journal of virology.

[229]  N. Copeland,et al.  Susceptibility of AKXD recombinant inbred mouse strains to lymphomas , 1993, Journal of virology.

[230]  Harold E. Varmus,et al.  Nucleosomes, DNA-binding proteins, and DNA sequence modulate retroviral integration target site selection , 1992, Cell.

[231]  D. Leprince,et al.  A putative second cell-derived oncogene of the avian leukaemia retrovirus E26 , 1983, Nature.

[232]  N. Copeland,et al.  Evi-5, a common site of retroviral integration in AKXD T-cell lymphomas, maps near Gfi-1 on mouse chromosome 5 , 1995, Journal of virology.

[233]  D. Kabat,et al.  Cell surface site for mitogenic interaction of erythropoietin receptors with the membrane glycoprotein encoded by Friend erythroleukemia virus. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[234]  P. Jolicoeur,et al.  Long-range mapping of Mis-2, a common provirus integration site identified in murine leukemia virus-induced thymomas and located 160 kilobase pairs downstream of Myb , 1993, Journal of virology.

[235]  A. McMahon,et al.  Differential transformation of mammary epithelial cells by Wnt genes , 1994, Molecular and cellular biology.

[236]  B. Futcher,et al.  Human D-type cyclin , 1991, Cell.

[237]  G. Athas,et al.  Retroviral determinants of leukemogenesis. , 1994, Critical reviews in oncogenesis.

[238]  P. De Baetselier,et al.  Invasiveness of T-cell hybridomas in vitro and their metastatic potential in vivo. , 1985, Cancer research.

[239]  H. Varmus,et al.  Integration of the DNA of mouse mammary tumor virus in virus-infected normal and neoplastic tissue of the mouse , 1979, Cell.

[240]  H. Robinson,et al.  High-frequency transduction of c-erbB in avian leukosis virus-induced erythroblastosis , 1985, Journal of virology.

[241]  D. Rifkin,et al.  Processing, secretion, and biological properties of a novel growth factor of the fibroblast growth factor family with oncogenic potential , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[242]  J. Coffin,et al.  Distribution of targets for avian retrovirus DNA integration in vivo. , 1994, Genes & development.

[243]  T. Nilsen,et al.  c-erbB activation in ALV-induced erythroblastosis: novel RNA processing and promoter insertion result in expression of an amino-truncated EGF receptor , 1985, Cell.

[244]  R. Nusse,et al.  Amplification and proviral activation of several Wnt genes during progression and clonal variation of mouse mammary tumors. , 1992, Oncogene.

[245]  D. Gallahan,et al.  Mouse mammary tumor gene int-3: a member of the notch gene family transforms mammary epithelial cells , 1992, Journal of virology.

[246]  W. S. Hayward,et al.  Molecular analysis of the c-myc locus in normal tissue and in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas , 1982, Journal of virology.

[247]  C. Kozak,et al.  Identification of a novel gene, Vin-1, in murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell leukemias by provirus insertional mutagenesis , 1992, Journal of virology.

[248]  J. Silver,et al.  A preferred region for integration of Friend murine leukemia virus in hematopoietic neoplasms is closely linked to the Int-2 oncogene , 1986, Journal of virology.

[249]  Richard A. Ashmun,et al.  Colony-stimulating factor 1 regulates novel cyclins during the G1 phase of the cell cycle , 1991, Cell.

[250]  S. Yamamoto,et al.  Insertional activation of N-myc by endogenous Moloney-like murine retrovirus sequences in macrophage cell lines derived from myeloma cell line-macrophage hybrids , 1989, Molecular and cellular biology.

[251]  J. Ihle,et al.  The carboxyl domain of zinc fingers of the Evi-1 myeloid transforming gene binds a consensus sequence of GAAGATGAG. , 1994, Oncogene.

[252]  E. Dees,et al.  The product of the H19 gene may function as an RNA , 1990, Molecular and cellular biology.

[253]  R. Wellinger,et al.  A new site of integration for mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA common to BALB/cf(C3H) mammary and kidney adenocarcinomas. , 1986, The EMBO journal.

[254]  M. Gardner Retroviral spongiform polioencephalomyelopathy. , 1985, Reviews of infectious diseases.

[255]  C. Turck,et al.  Inhibition of CDK2 activity in vivo by an associated 20K regulatory subunit , 1993, Nature.

[256]  B. Sefton,et al.  Expression of a new tyrosine protein kinase is stimulated by retrovirus promoter insertion , 1986, Nature.

[257]  J. Ihle,et al.  Expression of the Evi-1 zinc finger gene in 32Dc13 myeloid cells blocks granulocytic differentiation in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor , 1992, Molecular and cellular biology.

[258]  J. Coffin,et al.  Influence of sequences in the long terminal repeat and flanking cell DNA on polyadenylation of retroviral transcripts , 1993, Journal of virology.

[259]  Y. Haupt,et al.  bmi-1 transgene induces lymphomas and collaborates with myc in tumorigenesis. , 1993, Oncogene.

[260]  R. Nusse,et al.  Mammary tumor induction loci in GR and DBAf mice contain one provirus of the mouse mammary tumor virus , 1981, Cell.

[261]  E. Rassart,et al.  Analysis of proviruses integrated in Fli-1 and Evi-1 regions in Cas-Br-E MuLV-induced non-T-, non-B-cell leukemias. , 1992, Virology.

[262]  C. Kozak,et al.  Identification of a common helper provirus integration site in Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced lymphoma DNA , 1988, Journal of virology.

[263]  H. Temin Sex and recombination in retroviruses. , 1991, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[264]  J. Bazan A novel family of growth factor receptors: a common binding domain in the growth hormone, prolactin, erythropoietin and IL-6 receptors, and the p75 IL-2 receptor beta-chain. , 1989, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[265]  A. al-Salameh,et al.  Oncogenicity of AKR mink cell focus-inducing murine leukemia virus correlates with induction of chronic phosphatidylinositol signal transduction , 1992, Journal of virology.

[266]  P. Gros,et al.  Activation of the mouse mdr3 gene by insertion of retroviruses in multidrug-resistant P388 tumor cells , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[267]  Y. Ben-David,et al.  Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia and the multistage nature of cancer , 1991, Cell.

[268]  F. Moreau-Gachelin,et al.  Spi-1 oncogene activation in Rauscher and Friend murine virus-induced acute erythroleukemias. , 1990, Leukemia.

[269]  P. Romeo,et al.  The Fli-1 proto-oncogene, involved in erythroleukemia and Ewing's sarcoma, encodes a transcriptional activator with DNA-binding specificities distinct from other Ets family members. , 1993, Oncogene.

[270]  M Duch,et al.  Amplification and sequence analysis of DNA flanking integrated proviruses by a simple two-step polymerase chain reaction method , 1993, Journal of virology.

[271]  W. S. Hayward,et al.  Activation of a cellular onc gene by promoter insertion in ALV-induced lymphoid leukosis , 1981, Nature.

[272]  A. Marchetti,et al.  Int-6, a highly conserved, widely expressed gene, is mutated by mouse mammary tumor virus in mammary preneoplasia , 1995, Journal of virology.

[273]  W. S. Hayward,et al.  Multiple proto-oncogene activations in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas: evidence for stage-specific events , 1989, Molecular and cellular biology.

[274]  H. Fan,et al.  Bone marrow depletion by 89Sr complements a preleukemic defect in a long terminal repeat variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus , 1991, Journal of virology.

[275]  Wim Quint,et al.  Murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomagenesis: Integration of proviruses in a distinct chromosomal region , 1984, Cell.

[276]  A. Berns,et al.  Carcinogen-induced lymphomagenesis in pim-1 transgenic mice: dose dependence and involvement of myc and ras. , 1991, Cancer research.

[277]  Charles J. Sherr,et al.  Mammalian G1 cyclins , 1993, Cell.

[278]  P. Lawrence,et al.  Distribution of the wingless gene product in drosophila embryos: A protein involved in cell-cell communication , 1989, Cell.

[279]  H. Prats,et al.  Alternative initiation of translation determines cytoplasmic or nuclear localization of basic fibroblast growth factor , 1991, Molecular and cellular biology.

[280]  N. Perrimon,et al.  Drosophila wingless: A paradigm for the function and mechanism of Wnt signaling , 1994, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[281]  H. Varmus,et al.  Identification of a provirally activated c‐Ha‐ras oncogene in an avian nephroblastoma via a novel procedure: cDNA cloning of a chimaeric viral‐host transcript. , 1986, The EMBO journal.

[282]  W. Alexander,et al.  Novel zinc finger gene implicated as myc collaborator by retrovirally accelerated lymphomagenesis in Eμ-myc transgenic mice , 1991, Cell.

[283]  M. Justice,et al.  Identification of Evi-3, a novel common site of retroviral integration in mouse AKXD B-cell lymphomas , 1994, Journal of virology.

[284]  C. Kozak,et al.  The murine AIDS defective provirus acts as an insertional mutagen in its infected target B cells , 1995, Journal of virology.

[285]  A. Berns,et al.  Proviral tagging in E mu‐myc transgenic mice lacking the Pim‐1 proto‐oncogene leads to compensatory activation of Pim‐2. , 1995, The EMBO journal.

[286]  M. Cole,et al.  Integration of the BALB/c ecotropic provirus into the colony-stimulating factor-1 growth factor locus in a myc retrovirus-induced murine monocyte tumor , 1988, Journal of virology.

[287]  P. Laird,et al.  Pim-1 levels determine the size of early B lymphoid compartments in bone marrow , 1993, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[288]  R. Mukhopadhyaya,et al.  New sites of proviral integration associated with murine promonocytic leukemias and evidence for alternate modes of c-myb activation , 1992, Journal of virology.

[289]  D. Cox,et al.  Mode of proviral activation of a putative mammary oncogene (int-1) on mouse chromosome 15 , 1984, Nature.

[290]  H. Kung,et al.  Activation of the cellular oncogene c-erbB by ltr insertion: Molecular basis for induction of erythroblastosis by avian leukosis virus , 1983, Cell.

[291]  A. Reicin,et al.  Early clonality and high-frequency proviral integration into the c-myc locus in AKR leukemias , 1985, Journal of virology.

[292]  F. Galibert,et al.  Frequent c-fms activation by proviral insertion in mouse myeloblastic leukaemias , 1987, Nature.

[293]  P. Tsichlis,et al.  Genomic organization and expression of Tpl-2 in normal cells and Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced rat T-cell lymphomas: activation by provirus insertion , 1993, Journal of virology.

[294]  N. Copeland,et al.  Evi-1, a murine zinc finger proto-oncogene, encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein , 1991, Molecular and cellular biology.

[295]  A. Ishimoto,et al.  Rapid emergence of mink cell focus-forming (MCF) virus in various mice infected with NB-tropic friend virus. , 1981, Virology.

[296]  H. Kung,et al.  Retroviral mutagenesis of cellular oncogenes: a review with insights into the mechanisms of insertional activation. , 1991, Current topics in microbiology and immunology.

[297]  N. Copeland,et al.  Comparative molecular genetic analysis of lymphomas from six inbred mouse strains , 1988, Journal of virology.

[298]  M. Roussel,et al.  Transforming potential of the c-fms proto-oncogene (CSF-1 receptor) , 1987, Nature.

[299]  Douglas A. Melton,et al.  Injected Wnt RNA induces a complete body axis in Xenopus embryos , 1991, Cell.

[300]  H. Lodish,et al.  Point mutation in the exoplasmic domain of the erythropoietin receptor resulting in hormone-independent activation and tumorigenicity , 1990, Nature.

[301]  C. Purdie,et al.  Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways , 1993, Nature.

[302]  G. Peters,et al.  Subcellular fate of the lnt-2 oncoprotein is determined by choice of initiation codon , 1990, Nature.

[303]  G. Peters,et al.  Concerted activation of two potential proto-oncogenes in carcinomas induced by mouse mammary tumour virus , 1986, Nature.

[304]  P. O'Connell,et al.  Deletions and a translocation interrupt a cloned gene at the neurofibromatosis type 1 locus , 1990, Cell.

[305]  G. Peters,et al.  FGF3 from Xenopus laevis. , 1993, The EMBO journal.

[306]  J.M. Adams,et al.  Cyclin D1 transgene impedes lymphocyte maturation and collaborates in lymphomagenesis with the myc gene. , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[307]  H. Macdonald,et al.  Superantigen-induced immune stimulation amplifies mouse mammary tumor virus infection and allows virus transmission , 1993, Cell.

[308]  D. Gallahan,et al.  A new common integration region (int-3) for mouse mammary tumor virus on mouse chromosome 17 , 1987, Journal of virology.

[309]  A. W. Harris,et al.  The E mu-myc transgenic mouse. A model for high-incidence spontaneous lymphoma and leukemia of early B cells , 1988, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[310]  H. Varmus,et al.  Expression of the int-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice , 1988, Cell.

[311]  W. Hankins,et al.  Erythropoietin‐Dependent and Erythropoietin‐Producing Cell Lines Implications for Research and for Leukemia Therapy , 1989, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[312]  G. Keller,et al.  Rescue of erythroid development in gene targeted GATA–1− mouse embryonic stem cells , 1992, Nature Genetics.

[313]  S. Cory,et al.  Transgenic models of tumor development. , 1991, Science.

[314]  B. Sola,et al.  fim-1 and fim-2: two new integration regions of Friend murine leukemia virus in myeloblastic leukemias , 1986, Journal of virology.

[315]  R. Tekmal,et al.  The nature and expression of int-5, a novel MMTV integration locus gene in carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. , 1994, Cancer letters.

[316]  B. Groner,et al.  An activated allele of the c-erbB-2 oncogene impairs kidney and lung function and causes early death of transgenic mice , 1993, The Journal of cell biology.

[317]  J. Ihle,et al.  Identification, nuclear localization, and DNA-binding activity of the zinc finger protein encoded by the Evi-1 myeloid transforming gene , 1990, Molecular and cellular biology.

[318]  J. Miyoshi,et al.  Structure and transforming potential of the human cot oncogene encoding a putative protein kinase , 1991, Molecular and cellular biology.

[319]  A. Lehner,et al.  Insertional mutation of int protooncogenes in the mammary tumors of a new strain of mice derived from the wild in China: normal- and tumor-tissue-specific expression of int-3 transcripts. , 1994, Virology.

[320]  C. Kozak,et al.  Characterization of Int-5, a locus associated with early events in mammary carcinogenesis. , 1991, Oncogene research.

[321]  P. O'Connell,et al.  The gene encoding the oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein is embedded within the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene , 1991, Molecular and cellular biology.

[322]  H. Ruley,et al.  Generation of Chinese hamster ovary cell glycosylation mutants by retroviral insertional mutagenesis. Integration into a discrete locus generates mutants expressing high levels of N-glycolylneuraminic acid. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[323]  M. Lohuizen,et al.  N‐myc is frequently activated by proviral insertion in MuLV‐induced T cell lymphomas. , 1989, The EMBO journal.

[324]  A. Bernstein,et al.  Temporal order and functional analysis of mutations within the Fli-1 and p53 genes during the erythroleukemias induced by F-MuLV. , 1993, Oncogene.

[325]  T. Blankenstein,et al.  DNA rearrangement and constitutive expression of the interleukin 6 gene in a mouse plasmacytoma , 1990, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[326]  M. Klemsz,et al.  The macrophage and B cell-specific transcription factor PU.1 is related to the ets oncogene , 1990, Cell.

[327]  G. Peters,et al.  Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: Evidence for a common region for provirus integration in mammary tumors , 1983, Cell.

[328]  A. Bernstein,et al.  Retroviral insertions downstream of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 gene in erythroleukemia cells: evidence that A1 is not essential for cell growth , 1992, Molecular and cellular biology.

[329]  Robert A. Weinberg,et al.  Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes , 1983, Nature.

[330]  T. Agthoven,et al.  Induction of antiestrogen resistance in human breast cancer cells by random insertional mutagenesis using defective retroviruses: identification of bcar-1, a common integration site. , 1993, Molecular endocrinology.

[331]  A Ma,et al.  E mu N- and E mu L-myc cooperate with E mu pim-1 to generate lymphoid tumors at high frequency in double-transgenic mice. , 1991, Oncogene.

[332]  J. Trent,et al.  WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression , 1993, Cell.

[333]  J W Hartley,et al.  Lymphomagenicity of recombinant mink cell focus-inducing murine leukemia viruses , 1980, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[334]  W. S. Hayward,et al.  5' long terminal repeats of myc-associated proviruses appear structurally intact but are functionally impaired in tumors induced by avian leukosis viruses , 1987, Journal of virology.

[335]  M. Emerman,et al.  Passage through mitosis is required for oncoretroviruses but not for the human immunodeficiency virus , 1994, Journal of virology.

[336]  S. Bauer,et al.  DNA rearrangement and altered RNA expression of the c-myb oncogene in mouse plasmacytoid lymphosarcomas. , 1983, Science.

[337]  B. Chesebro,et al.  Different murine cell lines manifest unique patterns of interference to superinfection by murine leukemia viruses. , 1985, Virology.

[338]  M. Goebl The PU.1 transcription factor is the product of the putative oncogene Spi-1 , 1990, Cell.

[339]  B. Mahy The molecular biology of tumor viruses: edited by John Tooze. Pp. 743. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: New York). $16.00 , 1974 .

[340]  P. Tsichlis,et al.  Cellular DNA regions involved in the induction of rat thymic lymphomas (Mlvi-1, Mlvi-2, Mlvi-3, and c-myc) represent independent loci as determined by their chromosomal map location in the rat , 1985, Journal of virology.

[341]  B. Cullen,et al.  Transcriptional interference in avian retroviruses—implications for the promoter insertion model of leukaemogenesis , 1984, Nature.

[342]  H. Varmus,et al.  A receptor for subgroup A Rous sarcoma virus is related to the low density lipoprotein receptor , 1993, Cell.

[343]  H. Varmus,et al.  Multiple arrangements of viral DNA and an activated host oncogene in bursal lymphomas , 1982, Nature.

[344]  M. Krasnow,et al.  Intercellular signalling in Drosophila segment formation reconstructed in vitro , 1993, Nature.

[345]  O. Danos,et al.  An amino-terminal fragment of the Friend murine leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein binds the ecotropic receptor , 1991, Journal of virology.

[346]  J. Coffin,et al.  Differential transcription from the long terminal repeats of integrated avian leukosis virus DNA , 1986, Journal of virology.

[347]  H. Kung,et al.  Orientation and position of avian leukosis virus DNA relative to the cellular oncogene c-myc in B-lymphoma tumors of highly susceptible 15I5 X 7(2) chickens , 1982, Journal of virology.

[348]  W. Anderson,et al.  The dual-function hamster receptor for amphotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV), 10A1 MuLV, and gibbon ape leukemia virus is a phosphate symporter , 1995, Journal of virology.

[349]  D. Kabat,et al.  Molecular cloning of biologically active Rauscher spleen focus-forming virus and the sequences of its env gene and long terminal repeat , 1984, Journal of virology.

[350]  N. Copeland,et al.  Retroviral insertions in the CB-1/Fim-3 common site of integration activate expression of the Evi-1 gene. , 1989, Oncogene.

[351]  A. Berns Tumorigenesis in transgenic mice: Identification and characterization of synergizing oncogenes , 1991, Journal of cellular biochemistry.

[352]  H. Fan,et al.  Combined infection by Moloney murine leukemia virus and a mink cell focus-forming virus recombinant induces cytopathic effects in fibroblasts or in long-term bone marrow cultures from preleukemic mice , 1990, Journal of virology.

[353]  H. Varmus,et al.  The int-1 proto-oncogene products are glycoproteins that appear to enter the secretory pathway , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[354]  M. Klemsz,et al.  The PU.1 transcription factor is the product of the putative oncogene Spi-1 , 1990, Cell.

[355]  H. Robinson,et al.  Patterns of proviral insertion and deletion in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas , 1986, Journal of virology.

[356]  R. Santen,et al.  Prognostic value of breast cancer aromatase , 1992 .

[357]  A. Rein,et al.  Different recombinant murine leukemia viruses use different cell surface receptors. , 1984, Virology.

[358]  S. Tilghman,et al.  Ectopic expression of the H19 gene in mice causes prenatal lethality. , 1991, Genes & development.

[359]  J. V. van Dongen,et al.  Location of genes involved in invasion and metastasis on human chromosome 7. , 1987, Cancer research.

[360]  H. Lodish,et al.  Erythropoietin receptor and interleukin-2 receptor β chain: A new receptor family , 1989, Cell.

[361]  G. Peters,et al.  Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: Proviral activation of a cellular gene in the common integration region int-2 , 1984, Cell.

[362]  A. Viel,et al.  N-myc activation by proviral insertion in MCF 247-induced murine T-cell lymphomas. , 1989, Oncogene.

[363]  R. Lunsford,et al.  Activation of the c-H-ras proto-oncogene by retrovirus insertion and chromosomal rearrangement in a Moloney leukemia virus-induced T-cell leukemia , 1989, Journal of virology.

[364]  J. Sodroski,et al.  Trans-acting transcriptional activation of the long terminal repeat of human T lymphotropic viruses in infected cells. , 1984, Science.

[365]  A. Berns,et al.  The pim‐1 oncogene encodes two related protein‐serine/threonine kinases by alternative initiation at AUG and CUG. , 1991, The EMBO journal.

[366]  J. Shaughnessy,et al.  Retroviral integration at the Evi-2 locus in BXH-2 myeloid leukemia cell lines disrupts Nf1 expression without changes in steady-state Ras-GTP levels , 1995, Journal of virology.

[367]  A. Rein,et al.  Phenotypes of murine leukemia virus-induced tumors: influence of 3' viral coding sequences , 1992, Journal of virology.