Mechanisms and Methods Mechanisms of toxicity of carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) consist of a family of carbon built nanoparticles, which biological effects depend on their physical characteristics and other constitutive chemicals (impurities and functions attached). CNTs are considered the 21 century material due to their unique physicochemical characteristics and applicability to industrial product. The use of these materials steadily increase worldwide and toxic outcomes need to be studied for each nanomaterial in depth to prevent adverse effects to humans and the environment. Entrance into the body is physical, and usually few nanoparticles enter the body; however, once there, they are persistent due to their limited metabolisms, so their removal is slow, and chronic cumulative health effects are studied. Oxidative stress is the main mechanism of toxicity but size, agglomeration, chirality as well as impurities and functionalization are some of the structural and chemical characteristic contributing to the CNTs toxicity outcomes. Among the many toxicity pathways, interference with cytoskeleton and fibrous mechanisms, cell signaling, membrane perturbations, and the production of cytokines, chemokines and inflammation are some of the effects resulting from exposure to CNTs. The aim of this review is to offer an up to date scope of the effects of CNTs on biological systems with attention to mechanisms of toxicity. T ox ic ol og y M ec ha ni sm s an d M et ho ds D ow nl oa de d fr om in fo rm ah ea lth ca re .c om b y U ni ve rs ite D e Sh er br oo ke o n 12 /0 2/ 12 Fo r pe rs on al u se o nl y. Title Mechanisms of toxicity of carbon nanotubes Authors Yury Rodriguez-Yañez, Balam Muñoz and Arnulfo Albores Affiliations Departamento de Toxicología. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN. Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México City, 07360. Escuela de Ciencias de la Vida. Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México. Calle del Puente 222, Col. Ejidos de Huipulco, México City, 14380. *Corresponding author Arnulfo Albores, PhD. Department of Toxicology, Cinvestav. Ave. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508. C.P 07360. México, D.F. Mexico. Email: aalbores@cinvestav.mx Tel:(01 52) 55 57 47 38 00 ext 5476. Fax (01 52) 55 57 47 33 95

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