IMPACT OF EXCHANGE VARIABLES ON EXIT, VOICE, LOYALTY, AND NEGLECT: AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL OF RESPONSES TO DECLINING JOB STATUS SATISFACTION.

This research offers a new theory predicting the effects of three exchange variables, job satisfaction, investment size, and quality of alternatives, on four general responses to dissatisfaction—exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Three studies designed to test model predictions' received good support. High satisfaction and investment encouraged voice and loyalty and discouraged exit and neglect. Satisfaction and investment interacted, with variations in investment most strongly promoting voice given high satisfaction. Better alternatives encouraged exit and voice and discouraged loyalty. However, there was no link between alternatives and neglect.

[1]  W. A. Kerr,et al.  Workers' Attitudes Toward Merit Rating , 1953 .

[2]  E. Trist,et al.  Changes in Accidents and other Absences with Length of Service , 1955 .

[3]  H. Becker.  Notes on the Concept of Commitment , 1960, American Journal of Sociology.

[4]  G. C. Homans,et al.  Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. , 1975 .

[5]  Edwin A. Fleishman,et al.  PATTERNS OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR RELATED TO EMPLOYEE GRIEVANCES AND TURNOVER , 1962 .

[6]  P. Blau.  Exchange and Power in Social Life , 1964 .

[7]  F. Gaudet,et al.  Solving the problems of employee absence , 1964 .

[8]  C. Hulin,et al.  A LINEAR MODEL OF JOB SATISFACTION. , 1965, The Journal of applied psychology.

[9]  Spindle Fibres.  A NOTE ON THE STRUCTURE OF , 1966 .

[10]  Cornelis J. Lammers,et al.  Strikes and Mutinies: A Comparative Study of Organizational Conflicts between Rulers and Ruled , 1969 .

[11]  H. Trice,et al.  An Empirical Study of Howard Becker's Side-Bet Theory , 1969 .

[12]  A. Hirschman,et al.  Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States , 1970 .

[13]  D. Cruickshank,et al.  A note on the structure of Na2SeO4 , 1970 .

[14]  Richard M. Steers,et al.  Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. , 1973 .

[15]  Bruce Buchanan.  BUILDING ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT: THE SOCIALIZATION OF MANAGERS IN WORK ORGANIZATIONS , 1974 .

[16]  G. McLaughlin,et al.  Use of weighting and data on alternative careers to predict career retention and commitment. , 1974 .

[17]  Joel Brockner,et al.  Factors affecting entrapment in waiting situations: The Rosencrantz and Guildenstern effect. , 1975 .

[18]  Jacob Cohen,et al.  Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences , 1979 .

[19]  Joseph Schneider.  The “greener grass” phenomenon: differential effects of a work context alternative on organizational participation and withdrawal intentions , 1976 .

[20]  Richard M. Steers,et al.  A Behaviorally-Based Measure of Manifest Needs in Work Settings. , 1976 .

[21]  Paul M. Muchinsky,et al.  Employee Absenteeism: A Review of the Literature. , 1977 .

[22]  Bobby J. Calder,et al.  An Attribution Theory of Leadership , 1977 .

[23]  James L. Koch,et al.  Job attachment, satisfaction, and turnover among public sector employees , 1978 .

[24]  N Gupta,et al.  A note on the structure of employee withdrawal. , 1978, Organizational behavior and human performance.

[25]  H. Kelley,et al.  Interpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence , 1978 .

[26]  Richard M. Steers,et al.  Major influences on employee attendance: A process model. , 1978 .

[27]  Personnel Practices and Employee Attitudes: A Study of Japaneseand American-Managed Firms in the United States , 1978 .

[28]  Michael A. Berger,et al.  Social Movements in Organizations: Coup d'Etat, Insurgency, and Mass Movements , 1978, American Journal of Sociology.

[29]  Stephen A. Stumpf,et al.  Job Survival of New Employees. , 1979 .

[30]  Bharat Maldé,et al.  Interpersonal relations — a theory of interdependence , 1979 .

[31]  T. Cook,et al.  Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues for field settings , 1979 .

[32]  D. Dillman.  Mail and telephone surveys : the total design method , 1979 .

[33]  P. Muchinsky,et al.  WORK ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS ON PUBLIC SECTOR GRIEVANCES , 1980 .

[34]  J. Pfeffer,et al.  Effects of Job Alternatives, Extrinsic Rewards, and Behavioral Commitment on Attitude toward the Organization: A Field Test of the Insufficient Justification Paradigm. , 1980 .

[35]  Thomas W. Dougherty,et al.  Turnover and Competition for Expected Job Openings: An Exploratory Analysis , 1980 .

[36]  Relationship between Employees' Attitudes and Error Rates in Public Welfare Programs , 1980 .

[37]  Caryl E. Rusbult,et al.  Exchange variables as predictors of job satisfaction, job commitment, and turnover: The impact of rewards, costs, alternatives, and investments. , 1981 .

[38]  C W Mueller,et al.  A causal model for turnover for nurses. , 1981, Academy of Management journal. Academy of Management.

[39]  C. Watson.  An evaluation of some aspects of the Steers and Rhodes model of employee attendance. , 1981 .

[40]  S. Adler,et al.  Lateness as a withdrawal behavior. , 1981 .

[41]  Antecedents of Grievance Filing Behavior: Attitude/Behavioral Consistency and the Union Steward , 1982 .

[42]  Caryl E. Rusbult,et al.  Exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: Responses to dissatisfaction in romantic involvements. , 1982 .

[43]  Paul E. Spector.  Behavior in organizations as a function of employee's locus of control. , 1982 .

[44]  Stuart A. Youngblood,et al.  A longitudinal analysis of the turnover process. , 1983 .

[45]  Dan Farrell.  Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect as Responses to Job Dissatisfaction: A Multidimensional Scaling Study , 1983 .

[46]  R. Schuler,et al.  Organizational Crisis. Part II: Strategies and Responses , 1983 .

[47]  T. S. Bateman,et al.  Job Satisfaction and the Good Soldier: The Relationship Between Affect and Employee “Citizenship” , 1983 .

[48]  N. Aranya,et al.  A Comparison of Two Organizational Commitment Scales. , 1983 .

[49]  E. F. Jackofsky,et al.  The hypothesized effects of ability in the turnover process. , 1983, Academy of management review. Academy of Management.

[50]  Chris W. Clegg,et al.  Psychology of employee lateness, absence, and turnover: A methodological critique and an empirical study. , 1983 .

[51]  C. Rusbult,et al.  A Longitudinal Test of the Investment Model: The Impact on Job Satisfaction, Job Commitment, and Turnover of Variations in Rewards, Costs, Alternatives, and Investments , 1983 .

[52]  James L. Medoff,et al.  What Do Unions Do , 1986 .

[53]  P. Hom,et al.  The validity of Mobley's (1977) model of employee turnover. , 1984, Organizational behavior and human performance.

[54]  E. F. Jackofsky,et al.  Turnover and Job Performance: An Integrated Process Model , 1984 .

[55]  L. H. Peters,et al.  Situational constraint effects on performance, affective reactions, and turnover: A field replication and extension. , 1984 .

[56]  Nestor K. Ovalle,et al.  A review and meta-analysis of research on the relationship between behavioral intentions and employee turnover. , 1984 .

[57]  C. S. Koberg,et al.  The psychology of the withdrawal process: a cross-validational test of Mobley's intermediate linkages model of turnover in two samples. , 1984, Academy of Management journal. Academy of Management.

[58]  Marcia P. Miceli,et al.  The Relationships Among Beliefs, Organizational Position, and Whistle-Blowing Status: , 1984 .

[59]  S. A. Youngblood.  Work, nonwork, and withdrawal. , 1984 .

[60]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  Organizational behavior: a review and reformulation of the field's outcome variables. , 1984, Annual review of psychology.

[61]  Stephen A. Stumpf,et al.  Individual Exploration to Organizational Commitment or Withdrawal , 1984 .

[62]  Robert T. Keller,et al.  The Role of Performance and Absenteeism in the Prediction of Turnover , 1984 .

[63]  John P. Meyer,et al.  Testing the "Side-Bet Theory" of Organizational Commitment: Some Methodological Considerations , 1984 .

[64]  James D. Werbel,et al.  A comparison of the relationship of commitment to turnover in recent hires and tenured employees. , 1984 .

[65]  Joseph G. Rosse,et al.  Adaptation to work: an analysis of employee health, withdrawal and change. , 1985, Organizational behavior and human decision processes.

[66]  R. Burke,et al.  RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ABSENTEEISM AND TURNOVER: A FUNCTION OF THE MEASURES? , 1985 .

[67]  Lyman W. Porter,et al.  Employee-Organization Linakges: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover , 1985 .

[68]  R. E. Allen,et al.  Factors Differentiating Grievants and Nongrievants , 1985 .

[69]  Gerald R. Ferris,et al.  Role of leadership in the employee withdrawal process: A constructive replication. , 1985 .

[70]  H. Arkes,et al.  The Psychology of Sunk Cost , 1985 .

[71]  Gary Blau,et al.  Relationship of extrinsic, intrinsic, and demographic predictors to various types of withdrawal behaviors. , 1985 .

[72]  Richard A. Guzzo,et al.  The Effects of Psychologically Based Intervention Programs on Worker Productivity: A Meta-Analysis. , 1985 .

[73]  E. Larson,et al.  Employees absenteeism: the role of ease of movement. , 1985, Academy of Management journal. Academy of Management.

[74]  C. Rusbult,et al.  When Bureaucrats Get the Blues: Responses to Dissatisfaction Among Federal Employees , 1985 .

[75]  J. E. Sheridan.  A catastrophe model of employee withdrawal leading to low job performance, high absenteeism, and job turnover during the first year of employment. , 1985, Academy of Management journal. Academy of Management.

[76]  P. Muchinsky,et al.  Performance Antecedents of Voluntary and Involuntary Managerial Turnover , 1985 .

[77]  Caryl E. Rusbult,et al.  Impact of couple patterns of problem solving on distress and nondistress in dating relationships. , 1986 .

[78]  D G Spencer.  Employee voice and employee retention. , 1986, Academy of Management journal. Academy of Management.

[79]  M. Mitchell,et al.  MANAGEMENT TURNOVER: EXPERIENTIAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FORMER AND CURRENT MANAGERS , 1986 .

[80]  John R. Schuck,et al.  Paths to Turnover: A Re-analysis and Review of Existing Data on the Mobley, Horner, and Hollingsworth Turnover Model , 1986 .

[81]  John L. Cotton,et al.  Employee Turnover: A Meta-Analysis and Review with Implications for Research , 1986 .

[82]  Talma Kushnir,et al.  Organizational Commitment in a Male Dominated Profession , 1986 .

[83]  Blow the whistle , 1987 .