Motivation and Contingency Management Treatments for Substance Use Disorders.

Contingency management (CM) is a highly efficacious psychosocial treatment for substance use disorders based on the principles of behavioral analysis. CM involves delivering a tangible positive reinforcer following objective evidence of submission of a drug-negative urine sample. Although CM interventions primarily involve applying extrinsic rewards, a patient's intrinsic motivation to change substance use behavior may also be impacted by CM. This chapter provides an introduction to CM interventions for substance use disorders and examines the impact of CM on intrinsic motivation . It also addresses applications of this intervention to other conditions and patient populations.

[1]  S. Higgins,et al.  Voucher-based contingent reinforcement of marijuana abstinence among individuals with serious mental illness. , 2006, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[2]  N. Petry,et al.  Low-cost contingency management for treating cocaine- and opioid-abusing methadone patients. , 2002, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[3]  N. El-Bassel,et al.  Stages of change profiles among incarcerated drug-using women. , 1998, Addictive behaviors.

[4]  S. Higgins,et al.  A within-subject comparison of three different schedules of reinforcement of drug abstinence using cigarette smoking as an exemplar. , 2000, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[5]  G. Badger,et al.  An experimental comparison of three different schedules of reinforcement of drug abstinence using cigarette smoking as an exemplar. , 1996, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[6]  Bryan Hartzler,et al.  Contingency management in substance abuse treatment: a structured review of the evidence for its transportability. , 2012, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[7]  S. Hughes,et al.  Stages of change profiles in outpatient alcoholism treatment. , 1990, Journal of substance abuse.

[8]  G. Badger,et al.  A meta-analysis of voucher-based reinforcement therapy for substance use disorders. , 2006, Addiction.

[9]  K. Carroll,et al.  Construct, concurrent and predictive validity of the URICA: data from two multi-site clinical trials. , 2009, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[10]  E. Deci,et al.  A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. , 1999, Psychological bulletin.

[11]  Kevin G Volpp,et al.  A randomized, controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[12]  S. Higgins,et al.  Clinical trial of abstinence-based vouchers and cognitive-behavioral therapy for cannabis dependence. , 2006, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[13]  Michael Prendergast,et al.  Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: a meta-analysis. , 2006, Addiction.

[14]  W D Pierce,et al.  Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues , 2001, The Behavior analyst.

[15]  Contingent take-home incentive: effects on drug use of methadone maintenance patients. , 1992 .

[16]  N. Petry,et al.  Give them prizes, and they will come: contingency management for treatment of alcohol dependence. , 2000, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[17]  J. Edens,et al.  Construct validity and predictive utility of the stages of change scale for alcoholics. , 1996, Journal of substance abuse.

[18]  N. Petry,et al.  A randomized study of reinforcing ambulatory exercise in older adults. , 2013, Psychology and aging.

[19]  D. Simpson,et al.  A simple reinforcement system for methadone clients in a community-based treatment program. , 1994, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[20]  L. Sobell Drug Abuse Treatment: A National Study of Effectiveness, Robert L. Hubbard. 1990. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. 260 pages. ISBN: 0-8078-1864. $29.95 , 1991 .

[21]  N. Petry,et al.  Does contingency management affect motivation to change substance use? , 2006, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[22]  W. Miller Motivation for treatment: a review with special emphasis on alcoholism. , 1985, Psychological bulletin.

[23]  N. Petry,et al.  Randomized trial of contingent prizes versus vouchers in cocaine-using methadone patients. , 2007, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[24]  N. Petry,et al.  Abstinence rates following behavioral treatments for marijuana dependence. , 2007, Addictive behaviors.

[25]  G. Badger,et al.  Initial abstinence and success in achieving longer term cocaine abstinence. , 2000, Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology.

[26]  W. Ling,et al.  A comparison of contingency management and cognitive-behavioral approaches for stimulant-dependent individuals. , 2006, Addiction.

[27]  N. Petry,et al.  A low-cost reinforcement procedure improves short-term weight loss outcomes. , 2011, The American journal of medicine.

[28]  K. A. Blanchard,et al.  Motivational subtypes and continuous measures of readiness for change: concurrent and predictive validity. , 2003, Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors.

[29]  N. Petry Contingency Management for Substance Abuse Treatment: A Guide to Implementing This Evidence-Based Practice , 2011 .

[30]  Theresa M. Marteau,et al.  When Do Financial Incentives Reduce Intrinsic Motivation? Comparing Behaviors Studied in Psychological and Economic Literatures , 2013, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[31]  E. Deci,et al.  Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. , 2000, The American psychologist.

[32]  Mark B Powers,et al.  A meta-analytic review of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders. , 2008, The American journal of psychiatry.

[33]  A. Avenell,et al.  Systematic review of the use of financial incentives in treatments for obesity and overweight , 2008, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[34]  S. Higgins,et al.  Voucher-based incentives. A substance abuse treatment innovation. , 2002, Addictive behaviors.

[35]  H. Siegal,et al.  MEASURING READINESS FOR CHANGE AMONG CRACK COCAINE USERS: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS , 2001, Substance use & misuse.

[36]  John C. Norcross,et al.  In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. , 1992 .

[37]  N. Petry,et al.  Reinforcing Adherence to Antihypertensive Medications , 2015, Journal of clinical hypertension.

[38]  J. Edens,et al.  Motivational patterns of alcohol dependent patients: a replication. , 2000, Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors.

[39]  Y. Hunt,et al.  Smoking Cessation in Recovery: Comparing 2 Different Cognitive Behavioral Treatments , 2010 .

[40]  N. Petry,et al.  Maintaining high activity levels in sedentary adults with a reinforcement-thinning schedule. , 2014, Journal of applied behavior analysis.

[41]  The URICA as a measure of motivation to change among treatment-seeking individuals with concurrent alcohol and cocaine problems. , 2002 .

[42]  S. B. Sells,et al.  Effectiveness of treatment for drug abuse: An overview of the DARP research program. , 1982 .

[43]  T. Killeen,et al.  Effect of prize-based incentives on outcomes in stimulant abusers in outpatient psychosocial treatment programs: a national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network study. , 2005, Archives of general psychiatry.

[44]  C. Johanson,et al.  The influence of exchange delays on cigarette versus money choice: a laboratory analog of voucher-based reinforcement therapy. , 2000, Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology.

[45]  C. Diclemente,et al.  Motivation for Change: Implications for Substance Abuse Treatment , 1999 .

[46]  Adding voucher-based incentives to coping skills and motivational enhancement improves outcomes during treatment for marijuana dependence. , 2000 .

[47]  R. Hubbard,et al.  Overview of 1-year follow-up outcomes in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). , 1997 .

[48]  Edward L. Deci,et al.  Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior , 1975, Perspectives in Social Psychology.

[49]  G. Badger,et al.  Incentives improve outcome in outpatient behavioral treatment of cocaine dependence. , 1994, Archives of general psychiatry.

[50]  C. Diclemente,et al.  Readiness and stages of change in addiction treatment. , 2004, The American journal on addictions.

[51]  N. Petry,et al.  Financial reinforcers for improving medication adherence: findings from a meta-analysis. , 2012, The American journal of medicine.

[52]  N. Petry,et al.  Prize reinforcement contingency management for cocaine dependence: integration with group therapy in a methadone clinic. , 2005, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[53]  N. Petry,et al.  Smoking reductions and increased self-efficacy in a randomized controlled trial of smoking abstinence-contingent incentives in residential substance abuse treatment patients. , 2014, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

[54]  G. Badger,et al.  Outpatient behavioral treatment for cocaine dependence: One-year outcome. , 1995 .

[55]  S T Higgins,et al.  Increasing opiate abstinence through voucher-based reinforcement therapy. , 1996, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[56]  G. Badger,et al.  Contingent reinforcement increases cocaine abstinence during outpatient treatment and 1 year of follow-up. , 2000, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[57]  A. Budney,et al.  Recovery and URICA stage-of-change scores in three marijuana treatment studies. , 2008, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[58]  Kevin G Volpp,et al.  Financial incentive-based approaches for weight loss: a randomized trial. , 2008, JAMA.