Stable isotopes in the atmospheric marine boundary layer water vapour over the Atlantic Ocean, 2012–2015

The water vapour isotopic composition (1H216O, H218O and 1H2H16O) of the Atlantic marine boundary layer has been measured from 5 research vessels between 2012 and 2015. Using laser spectroscopy analysers, measurements have been carried out continuously on samples collected 10–20 meter above sea level. All the datasets have been carefully calibrated against the international VSMOW-SLAP scale following the same protocol to build a homogeneous dataset covering the Atlantic Ocean between 4°S to 63°N. In addition, standard meteorological variables have been measured continuously, including sea surface temperatures using calibrated Thermo-Salinograph for most cruises. All calibrated observations are provided with 15-minute resolution. We also provide 6-hourly data to allow easier comparisons with simulations from the isotope-enabled Global Circulation Models. In addition, backwards trajectories from the HYSPLIT model are supplied every 6-hours for the position of our measurements.

[1]  Lisan Yu,et al.  Global Variations in Oceanic Evaporation (1958–2005): The Role of the Changing Wind Speed , 2007 .

[2]  H. Craig,et al.  Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and marine atmosphere , 1965 .

[3]  Peter J. Webster,et al.  Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans , 1998 .

[4]  Jean Jouzel,et al.  A 420,000 year deuterium excess record from East Antarctica: Information on past changes in the origin of precipitation at Vostok , 2001 .

[5]  C. Donlon,et al.  The Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) system , 2012 .

[6]  Harald Sodemann,et al.  Moisture sources and synoptic to seasonal variability of North Atlantic water vapor isotopic composition , 2015 .

[7]  D. P. Brown,et al.  Process-evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopic observations: 2. Using isotopic diagnostics to understand the mid and upper tropospheric moist bias in the tropics and subtropics , 2012 .

[8]  Guillaume Favreau,et al.  Clustering mesoscale convective systems with laser‐based water vapor δ18O monitoring in Niamey (Niger) , 2014 .

[9]  K. N. Dollman,et al.  - 1 , 1743 .

[10]  Guillaume Favreau,et al.  Measurements of water vapor isotope ratios with wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy technology: new insights and important caveats for deuterium excess measurements in tropical areas in comparison with isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. , 2011, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[11]  Jean Jouzel,et al.  Deuterium excess in an East Antarctic ice core suggests higher relative humidity at the oceanic surface during the last glacial maximum , 1982, Nature.

[12]  Martin Werner,et al.  Stable water isotopes in the ECHAM5 general circulation model: Toward high‐resolution isotope modeling on a global scale , 2011 .

[13]  Hans-Christian Steen-Larsen,et al.  Stable isotopes of the water vapour in the Atmospheric boundary layer from five Atlantic Ocean cruises in 2012-2015 , 2016 .

[14]  H. Craig Isotopic Variations in Meteoric Waters , 1961, Science.

[15]  Hans-Christian Steen-Larsen,et al.  Climatic controls on water vapor deuterium excess in the marine boundary layer of the North Atlantic based on 500 days of in situ, continuous measurements , 2014 .

[16]  Gabriel J. Bowen,et al.  D/H isotope ratios in the global hydrologic cycle , 2015 .

[17]  Kenneth P. Bowman,et al.  Stable isotopic composition of water vapor in the tropics , 2004 .

[18]  Naoyuki Kurita,et al.  Origin of Arctic water vapor during the ice‐growth season , 2011 .

[19]  D. S. Sayres,et al.  Process-evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations , 2012 .

[20]  R. Draxler,et al.  NOAA’s HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling System , 2015 .

[21]  T. Blunier,et al.  A continuous stream flash evaporator for the calibration of an IR cavity ring-down spectrometer for the isotopic analysis of water , 2010, Isotopes in environmental and health studies.

[22]  P. Steerenberg,et al.  Targeting pathophysiological rhythms: prednisone chronotherapy shows sustained efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. , 2010, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[23]  Satoru Yamamoto,et al.  Featureless spectra on the Moon as evidence of residual lunar primordial crust , 2015 .

[24]  Richard B. Lammers,et al.  Increasing River Discharge to the Arctic Ocean , 2002, Science.

[25]  J. Thepaut,et al.  The ERA‐Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system , 2011 .

[26]  Sandrine Bony,et al.  Water-stable isotopes in the LMDZ4 general circulation model: Model evaluation for present-day and past climates and applications to climatic interpretations of tropical isotopic records , 2010 .

[27]  Hans-Christian Steen-Larsen,et al.  Radiation and atmospheric circulation controls on carbonyl sulfide concentrations in the marine boundary layer , 2016 .

[28]  R. Draxler HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website , 2010 .

[29]  F. M. Selten,et al.  Future increases in Arctic precipitation linked to local evaporation and sea-ice retreat , 2014, Nature.

[30]  Taikan Oki,et al.  Historical isotope simulation using Reanalysis atmospheric data , 2008 .

[31]  Matthias Schneider,et al.  Stable isotopes in atmospheric water vapor and applications to the hydrologic cycle , 2016, Reviews of geophysics.

[32]  Hans-Christian Steen-Larsen,et al.  Deuterium excess in marine water vapor: Dependency on relative humidity and surface wind speed during evaporation , 2014 .

[33]  Heini Wernli,et al.  Isotope composition of air moisture over the Mediterranean Sea: an index of the air-sea interaction pattern , 2003 .

[34]  Naoyuki Kurita,et al.  Water isotopic variability in response to mesoscale convective system over the tropical ocean , 2013 .

[35]  Harald Sodemann,et al.  Continuous monitoring of summer surface water vapor isotopic composition above the Greenland Ice Sheet , 2013 .

[36]  Geneviève Sèze,et al.  Importance of boundary layer mixing for the isotopic composition of surface vapor over the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean , 2015 .

[37]  P. Valdes,et al.  Stable water isotopes in HadCM3: Isotopic signature of El Nino- Southern Oscillation and the tropical amount effect , 2009 .

[38]  Yohei Matsui,et al.  Evidence of deuterium excess in water vapor as an indicator of ocean surface conditions , 2008 .

[39]  H. Urey,et al.  Improvements in mass spectrometers for the measurement of small differences in isotope abundance ratios. , 1950, The Review of scientific instruments.

[40]  Hans-Christian Steen-Larsen,et al.  Continuous measurements of atmospheric water vapour isotopes in western Siberia (Kourovka) , 2014 .