Experimental results of wake steering using fixed angles

Abstract. In this article, the authors present a test of wake steering at a commercial wind farm. A single fixed yaw offset, rather than an optimized offset schedule, is alternately applied to an upstream wind turbine and the effect on downstream turbines is analyzed. This experimental design allows for comparison with engineering wake models independent of the controller's ability to track a varying offset and correctly measure wind direction. Additionally, by applying the same offset in beneficial and detrimental conditions, we are able to collect important data for assessing second-order wake model predictions. Results of the article from collected data show good agreement with the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS) engineering model and offer support for the asymmetry of wake steering predicted by newer models, such as the Gauss-curl hybrid model.

[1]  이지형.  Data Driven Approach의 시대 , 2018 .

[2]  N. Jensen.  A note on wind generator interaction , 1983 .

[3]  Brady Ryan,et al.  Initial results from a field campaign of wake steering applied at a commercial wind farm – Part 1 , 2019, Wind Energy Science.

[4]  Kincho H. Law,et al.  A data-driven approach for cooperative wind farm control , 2016, 2016 American Control Conference (ACC).

[5]  Ryan N. King,et al.  Controls-Oriented Model for Secondary Effects of Wake Steering , 2020 .

[6]  E. Migoya,et al.  Application of a LES technique to characterize the wake deflection of a wind turbine in yaw , 2009 .

[7]  Charmein Johnson Msfc.  What is a wind tunnel , 2008 .

[8]  E. Bossanyi,et al.  Engineering models for turbine wake velocity deficit and wake deflection. A new proposed approach for onshore and offshore applications , 2019, Journal of Physics: Conference Series.

[9]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Evaluating techniques for redirecting turbine wakes using SOWFA , 2014 .

[10]  J. Lundquist,et al.  Initial Results From a Field Campaign of Wake Steering Applied at a Commercial Wind Farm: Part 1 , 2019 .

[11]  F. Porté-Agel,et al.  A point vortex transportation model for yawed wind turbine wakes , 2020, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[12]  C. Bottasso,et al.  Wind tunnel testing of wake steering with dynamic wind direction changes , 2020, Wind Energy Science.

[13]  Michael Hölling,et al.  Wind tunnel tests on controllable model wind turbines in yaw , 2016 .

[14]  Muyiwa S. Adaramola,et al.  Experimental investigation of wake effects on wind turbine performance , 2011 .

[15]  Jennifer Annoni,et al.  Field test of wake steering at an offshore wind farm , 2017 .

[16]  Martin Kühn,et al.  Robust active wake control in consideration of wind direction variability and uncertainty , 2018, Wind Energy Science.

[17]  Jason R. Marden,et al.  Wind plant power optimization through yaw control using a parametric model for wake effects—a CFD simulation study , 2016 .

[18]  Paul Fleming,et al.  A simulation study demonstrating the importance of large-scale trailing vortices in wake steering , 2018 .

[19]  Carlo L. Bottasso,et al.  Wind tunnel testing of wake control strategies , 2016, 2016 American Control Conference (ACC).

[20]  Jennifer Annoni,et al.  Full-Scale Field Test of Wake Steering , 2017 .

[21]  Eric Simley,et al.  OpenOA: An Open-Source Codebase For Operational Analysis of Wind Farms , 2021, J. Open Source Softw..

[22]  Sanjiva K. Lele,et al.  Wind farm power optimization through wake steering , 2019, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[23]  Fernando Porté-Agel,et al.  A new analytical model for wind farm power prediction , 2015 .

[24]  Carlo L. Bottasso,et al.  Field experiment for open-loop yaw-based wake steering at a commercial onshore wind farm in Italy , 2020, Wind Energy Science.

[25]  Tanvir Ahmad,et al.  Implementation and Analyses of Yaw Based Coordinated Control of Wind Farms , 2019 .

[26]  Lars Sætran,et al.  Wind tunnel study on power output and yaw moments for two yaw-controlled model wind turbines , 2018, Wind Energy Science.

[27]  Ryan N. King,et al.  Wake steering optimization under uncertainty , 2019, Wind Energy Science.

[28]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Simulation comparison of wake mitigation control strategies for a two‐turbine case , 2015 .

[29]  Liu Xinwu.  This is How the Discussion Started , 1981 .

[30]  P. Fleming,et al.  The aerodynamics of the curled wake: a simplified model in view of flow control , 2018, Wind Energy Science.

[31]  F. Porté-Agel,et al.  Experimental and theoretical study of wind turbine wakes in yawed conditions , 2016, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[32]  Luis A. Martínez-Tossas,et al.  Control-oriented model for secondary effects of wake steering , 2021 .

[33]  Fernando Porté-Agel,et al.  Experimental investigation and analytical modelling of active yaw control for wind farm power optimization , 2021, Renewable Energy.

[34]  Fernando Porté-Agel,et al.  Wind farm power optimization via yaw angle control: A wind tunnel study , 2019, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy.

[35]  P. Fleming,et al.  Design and analysis of a wake steering controller with wind direction variability , 2019, Wind Energy Science.

[36]  Felipe Palou Larrañaga,et al.  Influence of atmospheric conditions on the power production of utility-scale wind turbines in yaw misalignment , 2020, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy.

[37]  M. J. Churchfield,et al.  Large-Eddy Simulations of Wind Turbine Wakes Subject to Different Atmospheric Stabilities , 2014 .

[38]  Brady Ryan,et al.  Continued results from a field campaign of wake steering applied at a commercial wind farm – Part 2 , 2020, Wind Energy Science.

[39]  Filippo Campagnolo,et al.  Wind tunnel testing of a closed-loop wake deflection controller for wind farm power maximization , 2016 .

[40]  F. Porté-Agel,et al.  A new analytical model for wind-turbine wakes , 2013 .

[41]  L. Machielse,et al.  Controlling Wind in ECN`s Scaled Wind Farm , 2012 .

[42]  S. Ferrari,et al.  Author contributions , 2021 .

[43]  Jennifer Annoni,et al.  Analysis of control-oriented wake modeling tools using lidar field results , 2018, Wind Energy Science.