Beyond the Activist Ghetto: A Deductive Blockmodelling Approach to Understanding the Relationship between Contact with Environmental Organisations and Public Attitudes and Behaviour

Current research on the behavioural impacts of social movements tends to focus on their influence on those most intensely involved. Consequently it overlooks the impacts that social movement organisations might have on those outside the activist ghetto. To begin to address this gap in the literature, this article examines the relationship between contact with environmental organisations and public attitudes and behaviour. Monitoring the electricity use of 72 households has facilitated analysis of its association with their environmental attitudes and contact with environmental organisations. Although standard statistical approaches fail to uncover a relationship between contact with environmental organisations and attitudes and behaviour, a deductive blockmodelling approach tells a different story. Low household electricity use is associated with households sharing pro-environmental attitudes and contact with environmental organisations. High energy use is associated with households not sharing any of these; and moderate energy use is associated with a moderate degree of sharing. Our findings reveal the need for systematic studies of environmental movement organisations' impact on the public's pro-environmental behaviours.

[1]  Clare Saunders,et al.  Unblocking the Path to Effective Block Modeling in Social Movement Research , 2011 .

[2]  P. Stern New Environmental Theories: Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior , 2000 .

[3]  E. Cherry Veganism as a Cultural Movement: A Relational Approach , 2006 .

[4]  Ivano Bison,et al.  Organizations, coalitions, and movements , 2004 .

[5]  E. Heiskanen,et al.  Low-carbon communities as a context for individual behavioural change , 2010 .

[6]  W. Gamson,et al.  Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach , 1989, American Journal of Sociology.

[7]  G. Seyfang,et al.  Grassroots innovations for sustainable development: Towards a new research and policy agenda , 2007 .

[8]  Kirsten Gram-Hanssen,et al.  Understanding change and continuity in residential energy consumption , 2011 .

[9]  J. Jasper The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements , 1997 .

[10]  S. Epstein Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge , 1998, Nature Medicine.

[11]  R. Inglehart Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies , 1997 .

[12]  Vladimir Batagelj,et al.  Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek , 2005 .

[13]  Gill Seyfang,et al.  Growing Grassroots Innovations: Exploring the Role of Community-Based Initiatives in Governing Sustainable Energy Transitions , 2012 .

[14]  Stephen Hale The new politics of climate change: why we are failing and how we will succeed , 2010 .

[15]  Christina Ergas A Model of Sustainable Living: Collective Identity in an Urban Ecovillage , 2010 .

[16]  M. Bloor Impure Science: AIDS, Activism and the Politics of Knowledge. , 1997 .

[17]  Randolph Haluza-Delay A Theory of Practice for Social Movements: Environmentalism and Ecological Habitus* , 2008 .

[18]  Vladimir Batagelj,et al.  Generalized blockmodeling , 2005, Structural analysis in the social sciences.

[19]  L. Barnes,et al.  Religion and healing in America , 2004 .

[20]  Vladimir Batagelj,et al.  Pajek - Program for Large Network Analysis , 1999 .

[21]  Charles D. Barrett Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior , 1980 .

[22]  S. Ellingson,et al.  Social Movements and Cultural Change: The First Abolition Campaign Revisited , 1997 .

[23]  B. Wellman Structural analysis: From method and metaphor to theory and substance. , 1988 .

[24]  Mustafa Emirbayer Manifesto for a Relational Sociology1 , 1997, American Journal of Sociology.

[25]  Mike Shelton,et al.  Energy Saving Trust , 2013 .

[26]  Michael Nye,et al.  Social experiments in sustainable consumption: an evidence-based approach with potential for engaging low-income communities , 2008 .

[27]  Sonia Liff,et al.  Mapping the Big Green Challenge: an analysis of 355community proposals for low carbon innovation , 2009 .

[28]  Timothy Ingalsbee Earth First! Activism: Ecological Postmodern Praxis in Radical Environmentalist Identities , 1996 .

[29]  K. Hobson Thinking Habits into Action: The role of knowledge and process in questioning household consumption practices , 2003 .

[30]  B. Robnett,et al.  Social movements : identity, culture, and the state , 2002 .

[31]  Doug McAdam Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer , 1986, American Journal of Sociology.

[32]  S. Phillips Meaning and Structure in Social Movements: Mapping the Network of National Canadian Women's Organizations , 1991, Canadian Journal of Political Science.

[33]  H. Johnston,et al.  Social Movements and Culture , 1995 .

[34]  E. Jones,et al.  Lifestyle Movements: Exploring the Intersection of Lifestyle and Social Movements , 2012 .

[35]  C. Saunders Using Social Network Analysis to Explore Social Movements: A Relational Approach , 2007 .

[36]  R. Brieger Career Attributes and Network Structure: A Blockmodel Study of a Biomedical Research Specialty , 1976 .

[37]  W. Abrahamse,et al.  How do socio-demographic and psychological factors relate to households' direct and indirect energy use and savings? , 2009 .

[38]  C. Saunders Double-edged swords? Collective identity and solidarity in the environment movement. , 2008, The British journal of sociology.

[39]  W. Maloney,et al.  The protest business? : mobilizing campaign groups , 1997 .

[40]  John Scott Social Network Analysis , 1988 .

[41]  Stanley Wasserman,et al.  Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications , 1994, Structural analysis in the social sciences.

[42]  Mario Diani,et al.  Green Networks: A Structural Analysis of the Italian Environmental Movement , 1995 .

[43]  E. Shove Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience: The Social Organization of Normality , 2003 .

[44]  Tooraj Jamasb,et al.  HOUSEHOLD ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND INCOME GROUPS: EVIDENCE FROM GREAT BRITAIN , 2010 .

[45]  William A. Gamson,et al.  The strategy of social protest , 1975 .

[46]  M. Büchs,et al.  Third sector organisations' role in pro-environmental behaviour change - a review of the literature and evidence , 2012 .

[47]  Tim Jackson,et al.  Low Carbon Communities , 2010 .

[48]  L. Middlemiss,et al.  Influencing individual sustainability: a review of the evidence on the role of community-based organisations , 2008 .

[49]  D. S. Meyer How Social Movements Matter , 2003 .

[50]  Rosabeth Moss Kanter,et al.  Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective , 1972 .

[51]  Tim Jackson,et al.  Towards a Sociology of Sustainable Lifestyles , 2007 .

[52]  James Blake Overcoming the ‘value‐action gap’ in environmental policy: Tensions between national policy and local experience , 1999 .

[53]  S. Epstein Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge , 1998 .

[54]  W. Abrahamse,et al.  Factors Related to Household Energy Use and Intention to Reduce It : The Role of Psychological and Socio-Demographic Variables , 2011 .

[55]  Susse Georg The Social Shaping of Household Consumption , 1999 .

[56]  J. Mitchell,et al.  The Concept and Use of Social Networks , 1969 .

[57]  Alan Meier,et al.  One watt initiative: A global effort to reduce leaking electricity , 1999 .

[58]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior , 1980 .