The Integration of State Space into the Dynamic Synthesis/Design and Operational/Control Optimization of a PEMFC System

A typical approach to the synthesis/design optimization of energy systems is to only use steady state operation and high efficiency (or low total life cycle cost) at full load as the basis for the synthesis/design. Transient operation is a secondary task to be solved by system and control engineers once the synthesis/design is fixed. This dissertation considers the system dynamics in the process of developing the system using a set of transient thermodynamic, kinetic, and geometric as well as physical and cost models developed and implemented for the components of a 5 kW PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) system. The system is composed of three subsystems: a stack subsystem (SS), a fuel processing subsystem (FPS), and a work recovery and air supply subsystem (WRAS). To study the effect of control to the optimization, State Space control design is used in a looped set of optimizations. These results are compared to those resulting from a more direct optimization of the controller designs in which the gains for the controllers are part of the decision variable set for the overall optimization. Then, dynamic optimization results are obtained and compared with steady-state optimization results to illustrate the advantages of dynamic optimization. Also, a multi-

[1]  J. Hörandel,et al.  COSMIC RAYS FROM THE KNEE TO THE SECOND , 2007 .

[2]  Eric Carlson,et al.  Cost Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell Systems for Transportation: September 30, 2005 , 2005 .

[3]  Michael J. Moran,et al.  Availability analysis: A guide to efficient energy use , 1982 .

[4]  D. Oei,et al.  Direct-hydrogen-fueled proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell system for transportation applications , 1997 .

[5]  M. R. von Spakovsky,et al.  Engineering Functional Analysis (Part II) , 1993 .

[6]  Hamid A. Toliyat,et al.  Handbook of Electric Motors , 2004 .

[7]  Singiresu S. Rao.  Engineering Optimization : Theory and Practice , 2010 .

[8]  George Tsatsaronis,et al.  Exergoeconomic evaluation and optimization of energy systems — application to the CGAM problem , 1994 .

[9]  Michael von Spakovsky,et al.  Application of Engineering Functional Analysis to the Analysis and Optimization of the CGAM Problem , 1994 .

[10]  Siti Kartom Kamarudin,et al.  Synthesis and optimization of a PEM fuel cell system via reactor-separation network (RSN) , 2006 .

[11]  Michael R. von Spakovsky,et al.  A Decomposition Strategy Based on Thermoeconomic Isolation Applied to the Optimal Synthesis/Design and Operation of a Fuel Cell Based Total Energy System , 2002 .

[12]  Kyung-Won Suh,et al.  Coordination of Converter and Fuel Cell Controllers , 2005, Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on, Mediterrean Conference on Control and Automation Intelligent Control, 2005..

[13]  Nobuo Shiga,et al.  Improvement of Motor Performance by Use of High-Efficiency Electrical Steels* , 2003 .

[14]  Enrico Sciubba,et al.  A prototype expert system for the conceptual synthesis of thermal processes , 1997 .

[15]  Daniel Favrat,et al.  An Approach for the Time-Dependent Thermoeconomic Modeling and Optimization of Energy System Synthesis, Design and Operation (Part II : Reliability and Availability) , 1999 .

[16]  Diego Fernando Rancruel,et al.  Dynamic Synthesis/Design and Operation/Control Optimization Approach applied to a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell based Auxiliary Power Unit under Transient Conditions , 2005 .

[17]  N. Metropolis,et al.  Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines , 1953, Resonance.

[18]  Massimo Ceraolo,et al.  Modelling static and dynamic behaviour of proton exchange membrane fuel cells on the basis of electro-chemical description , 2003 .

[19]  Daniel Favrat,et al.  An Approach for the Time–Dependent Thermoeconomic Modeling and Optimization of Energy System Synthesis, Design and Operation. , 1997 .

[20]  H. Auracher.  Thermal design and optimization , 1996 .

[21]  Daisie D. Boettner,et al.  Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell-powered vehicle performance using direct-hydrogen fueling and on-board methanol reforming , 2004 .

[22]  Donald Quentin Kern,et al.  Process heat transfer , 1950 .

[23]  Michael R. von Spakovsky,et al.  A Decomposition Approach for the Large Scale Synthesis Design Optimization of Highly Coupled, Highly Dynamic Energy Systems , 2001 .

[24]  Anna G. Stefanopoulou,et al.  Modeling and control for PEM fuel cell stack system , 2002, Proceedings of the 2002 American Control Conference (IEEE Cat. No.CH37301).

[25]  Urmila M. Diwekar,et al.  Impacts assessment and tradeoffs of fuel cell based auxiliary power units: Part II. Environmental and health impacts, LCA, and multi-objective optimization , 2005 .

[26]  Y. M. El-Sayed,et al.  Thermoeconomics and the Design of Heat Systems , 1970 .

[27]  Urmila M. Diwekar,et al.  Impacts assessment and trade-offs of fuel cell-based auxiliary power units: Part I: System performance and cost modeling , 2005 .

[28]  Robert J. Braun,et al.  Optimal design and operation of solid oxide fuel cell systems for small-scale stationary applications , 2002 .

[29]  Enrico Sciubba,et al.  A Brief Review of Methods for the Design and Synthesis Optimization of Energy Systems , 2002 .

[30]  Mark K. Gee.  Fuel Cell Turbocompressor , 2003 .

[31]  B. Linnhoff.  Pinch Technology for the Synthesis of Optimal Heat and Power Systems , 1989 .

[32]  Y. M. El-Sayed.  A second-law-based optimization: Part 1 - Methodology , 1996 .

[33]  G. Froment,et al.  Methane steam reforming, methanation and water‐gas shift: I. Intrinsic kinetics , 1989 .

[34]  Munoz Guevara,et al.  Optimization Strategies for the Synthesis / Design of Hihgly Coupled, Highly Dynamic Energy Systems , 2000 .

[35]  Nikolaos G. Georgopoulos.  Application of a Decomposition Strategy to the Optimal Synthesis/Design and Operation of a Fuel Cell Based Total Energy System , 2002 .

[36]  Kihyung Kim.  Dynamic Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System Synthesis/Design and Operation/Control Optimization under Uncertainty , 2008 .

[37]  Michael R. von Spakovsky,et al.  The Application of Decomposition to the Large Scale Synthesis/Design Optimization of Aircraft Energy Systems , 2001 .

[38]  John Paul Bird,et al.  Model of the Air System Transients in a Fuel Cell Vehicle , 2002 .

[39]  Kim Ki Hyung,et al.  An Experimental Study on the Performance of Plastic Plate Heat Exchanger , 2005 .

[40]  Christos Athanasios Frangopoulos,et al.  Thermoeconomic functional analysis :a method for optimal design or improvement of complex thermal systems , 1983 .

[41]  Harvey G. Stenger,et al.  Kinetics, simulation and insights for CO selective oxidation in fuel cell applications , 2004 .

[42]  Jongsoo Lee,et al.  Constrained genetic search via schema adaptation: An immune network solution , 1996 .

[43]  Antonio Valero,et al.  Application of the exergetic cost theory to the CGAM problem , 1994 .

[44]  S. Kakaç,et al.  Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating, and Thermal Design , 1997 .

[45]  Zhen-Xiang Gong,et al.  Entropy Generation Minimization , 1996 .