The SME Advantage: Adding Local Touch to Foreign Transnational Corporations in Singapore

The fast-changing nature of technology and the high-quality requirements of manufactured products have altered the role of suppliers from passive manufacturers to proactive and innovative manufacturers. In Singapore, many local small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are suppliers to foreign transnational companies (TNCs), providing them with parts and components and other kinds of production-related services. This paper examines the areas in which local SME suppliers play an important role in transferring expertise to their foreign TNC customers. This 'reverse transfer' contradicts the conventional wisdom of technology transfer from giant TNCs to their SME suppliers via supplier-buyer linkages or subcontracting relations. To support our propositions, we conducted a postal survey of 41 local SMEs and interviews with representatives of nine SMEs. Empirical findings show that local SMEs are more capable than their foreign TNC customers in such aspects as local knowledge and soft technology. Local knowledge includes local technical specifications, standards, management styles and local culture. Furthermore, the presence of such expertise in soft technology as process and product technologies has led local SME suppliers to participate more in customers' product designs. At a national scale, local knowledge and expertise in soft technology embedded in Singapore's supporting industries can enhance the locational or 'L' advantage of Singapore. Le caractère évolutif de la technologie et les besoins qualitatifs des produits manufacturés ont changé le rôle des fournisseurs, des fabricants passifs aux fabricants actifs et innovateurs. Au Singapour, beaucoup des petites et moyennes entreprises locales (Pme) sont les fournisseurs des entreprises étrangères transnationales, leur fournissant des pièces détachées et d'autres services liés à la production. Cet article cherche à examiner dans quels domaines les Pme locales jouent un rôle important dans le transfert de l'expertisè aleurs clients que sont les entreprises étrangères transnationales. Ce 'transfert à rebours' va à l'encontre des idées reçues sur le transfert de la technologie des mastodontes transnationales aux Pme à partir des rapports fournisseur-acheteur ou de la sous-traitance. Afin de corroborer ces propositions, on a menéune enquête par correspondance auprès de 41 Pme locales et on a interviewé des représentants de neuf Pme. Les résultats empiriques laissent voir que les Pme sont plus compétentes que ne le sont les entreprises étrangères transnationales quant à leur connaissance du milieu local et du logiciel. La connaissance du milieu local comprend les spécifications techniques locales, les normes, les modes de gestion et la couleur locale. Qui plus est, la présence d'une telle expertise dans le domaine du logiciel, telles les technologies liées aux procédés et aux produits, a encouragé les Pme à participer davantage à la conception des produits de leurs clients. A l'échelle nationale, la connaissance du milieu local et l'expertise dans le domaine du logiciel, ancrées dans les industries annexes du Singapour, pourrait augmenter l'avantage de localisation du Singapour, à savoir l'avantage 'L'. Die rasch wechselnde Natur der Technologie und die hohen Qualitätsanforderungen an Fertigerzeugnisse haben die Rolle des Zulieferers von der eines passiven Produzenten auf die eines vorausschauenden und innovativen Herstellers umgestellt. In Singapur werden ausländische transnationale Körperschaften von kleinen und mittelgroßen ortansässigen Unternehmen mit Teilen, Komponenten und anderen herstellungsbezogenen Dienstleistungen beliefert. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht Gebiete, auf denen SME Zulieferer eine bedeutende Rolle bei der Übernahme ihrer Fachkenntnisse durch ausländische TNC Kunden spielen. Diese 'gegenläufige Übernahme' widerspricht der herkömmlichen Überzeugung der Fachwissenübernahme der SME Lieferanten von riesigen TNCs auf dem Wege der Zuliefer-Ankäuferverknüpfungen oder Unterkontrahentenbeziehungen. Zur Unterstützung ihrer These haben die Autoren auf dem Postwege eine Umfrage unter 41 ortsansässigen SMEs und Interviews mit Vertretern von neun SMEs durchgeführt. Empirische Befunde zeigen, daß ortsansässige SMEs in Dingen wie Ortskenntnis weiche Technologie weitaus fähiger sind als ihre ausländischen TNC Kunden. Ortskenntnis schließt dabei örtliche technische Spezifikationen ein sowie Standards, Führungsstil und örtliches Kulturwesen. Darüberhinaus hat das Vorhandensein von Fachkenntnissen in weicher Technologie wie Verfahrenstechnik und Produkttechnologie ortsansässige SME Zulieferer veranlaßt, sich vermehrt an Kundenentwürfen für Produkte zu beteiligen. Aufs Landesganze gesehen können ortsansässige Kenntnisse und Fachwissen in weicher Technologie, die in Singapurs unterstützender Industrie verwurzelt sind, den Standort oder 'L' Vorteil Singapurs nur erhöhen.

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