Optimal selection of air expansion machine in compressed air energy storage : a review

Abstract Electrical energy storage has been recognised as an underpinning technology to meet the challenges in the power network arisen from the rapidly increasing penetration of renewable energy. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) has gained substantial worldwide attention in recent years due to its low-cost and high-reliability in the large-scale energy storage systems. Air expander is one of the key components in a CAES system because its operational characteristics determine the power conversion efficiency and the power generation during the discharge period. The performance of the expander contributes heavily to the round trip efficiency of the whole system. This paper presents an up-to-date review of the CAES technology, and methods for modelling and selecting expanders for CAES systems. The focuses of selecting the appropriate expansion machines are identifying and analysing the characteristics of both CAES systems and expansion machines, and finding the matched expanders for the CAES system formulation (i.e. diabatic, adiabatic and isothermal CAES) and operational conditions (i.e. air pressure, temperature and flow rate). After all, recommendations and guidelines in selecting appropriate expanders and expansion stage numbers are formulated and discussed; this laid a step stone for choosing suitable expansion machines to achieve an overall CAES system high efficiency.

[1]  Christos N. Markides,et al.  A Framework for the Analysis of Thermal Losses in Reciprocating Compressors and Expanders , 2014 .

[2]  Luisa F. Cabeza,et al.  Review on phase change materials (PCMs) for cold thermal energy storage applications , 2012 .

[3]  Assensi Oliva,et al.  Object-oriented simulation of reciprocating compressors: Numerical verification and experimental comparison , 2011 .

[4]  Eric Dumont,et al.  Modelling of reciprocating and scroll compressors , 2007 .

[5]  Alexander H. Slocum,et al.  Ocean Renewable Energy Storage (ORES) System: Analysis of an Undersea Energy Storage Concept , 2013, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[6]  Devang Marvania,et al.  A comprehensive review on compressed air powered engine , 2017 .

[7]  Guangming Chen,et al.  Performance optimization of adiabatic compressed air energy storage with ejector technology , 2016 .

[8]  Yujie Xu,et al.  Thermodynamic characteristics of a novel supercritical compressed air energy storage system , 2016 .

[9]  Changying Zhao,et al.  A review of solar collectors and thermal energy storage in solar thermal applications , 2013 .

[10]  H W Oh,et al.  An optimum set of loss models for performance prediction of centrifugal compressors , 1997 .

[11]  Mehdi Mehrpooya,et al.  Exergy analysis and optimization of an integrated micro gas turbine, compressed air energy storage and solar dish collector process , 2016 .

[12]  Hang Guo,et al.  Experimental study on the performance of single-screw expander with different inlet vapor dryness , 2015 .

[13]  Niklas Hartmann,et al.  Simulation and analysis of different adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage plant configurations , 2012 .

[14]  Gerhard Regner,et al.  Achieving High Engine Efficiency for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines by Waste Heat Recovery Using Supercritical Organic-Fluid Rankine Cycle , 2006 .

[15]  Yi Wu,et al.  Off-design performance comparison of an organic Rankine cycle under different control strategies , 2015 .

[16]  Seamus D. Garvey,et al.  Dynamic simulation of Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (A-CAES) plant with integrated thermal storage – Link between components performance and plant performance , 2017 .

[17]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Liquid flooded compression and expansion in scroll machines – Part II: Experimental testing and model validation , 2012 .

[18]  Nicholas Jenkins,et al.  Exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of a Compressed Air Energy Storage combined with a district energy system , 2014 .

[19]  Martijn van den Broek,et al.  Geometry-based modeling of single screw expander for organic rankine cycle systems in low-grade heat recovery , 2014 .

[20]  Dieter Bohn,et al.  A comparative throughflow analysis of axial flow turbines , 1998 .

[21]  Gerhard Regner,et al.  Waste Heat Recovery of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines by Organic Rankine Cycle Part I: Hybrid Energy System of Diesel and Rankine Engines , 2007 .

[22]  Eckhard A. Groll,et al.  Piston-cylinder work producing expansion device in a transcritical carbon dioxide cycle. Part I: experimental investigation , 2005 .

[23]  Luwei Yang,et al.  Experimental study of compressed air energy storage system with thermal energy storage , 2016 .

[24]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Experimental campaign and modeling of a low-capacity waste heat recovery system based on a single screw expander , 2014 .

[25]  Jinyue Yan,et al.  Thermodynamic properties for humid gases from 298 to 573 K and up to 200 bar , 2006 .

[26]  Ambra Giovannelli,et al.  Compression and Air Storage Systems for Small Size CAES Plants: Design and Off-design Analysis , 2016 .

[27]  Royce N. Brown,et al.  Compressors: Selection and Sizing , 1986 .

[28]  Brian Vad Mathiesen,et al.  Smart Energy Systems for coherent 100% renewable energy and transport solutions , 2015 .

[29]  Aldo Steinfeld,et al.  CFD modeling and experimental validation of a high-temperature pilot-scale combined sensible/latent thermal energy storage , 2015 .

[30]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  A comparison of piston, screw and scroll expanders for small scale Rankine cycle systems , 2013 .

[31]  Xiaolin Wang,et al.  Development of a water-injected twin-screw compressor for mechanical vapor compression desalination systems , 2016 .

[32]  Ke Yang,et al.  Theoretical evaluation on the impact of heat exchanger in Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage system , 2014 .

[33]  Jihong Wang,et al.  Dynamic modelling of a hybrid wind turbine in connection with compressed air energy storage through a power split transmission device , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM).

[34]  Atef Saad Alshehry,et al.  Energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: The case of Saudi Arabia , 2014 .

[35]  Naomichi Hirayama,et al.  Study on fundamental performance of helical screw expander. , 1985 .

[36]  D. L. Margolis Analytical Modeling of Helical Screw Turbines for Performance Prediction , 1978 .

[37]  Yiping Dai,et al.  Energy efficiency analysis and off-design analysis of two different discharge modes for compressed air energy storage system using axial turbines , 2016 .

[38]  James E. Braun,et al.  Semi-empirical modeling and analysis of oil flooded R410A scroll compressors with liquid injection for use in vapor compression systems , 2016 .

[39]  H. J. Kim,et al.  Scroll expander for power generation from a low-grade steam source , 2007 .

[40]  James M. Eyer,et al.  ENERGY STORAGE FOR A COMPETITIVE POWER MARKET , 1996 .

[41]  Rainer Tamme,et al.  Thermal Energy Storage for Commercial Applications: A Feasibility Study on Economic Storage Systems , 1993 .

[42]  Xiande Fang,et al.  Modeling of turbine mass flow rate performances using the Taylor expansion , 2010 .

[43]  Raya Al-Dadah,et al.  Mean-line modeling and CFD analysis of a miniature radial turbine for distributed power generation systems , 2016 .

[44]  Paul I. Ro,et al.  Analysis and Proof‐of‐Concept Experiment of Liquid‐Piston Compression for Ocean Compressed Air Energy Storage (OCAES) System , 2014 .

[45]  Saffa Riffat,et al.  Expanders for micro-CHP systems with organic Rankine cycle , 2011 .

[46]  Daniele Fiaschi,et al.  Thermo-fluid dynamics preliminary design of turbo-expanders for ORC cycles , 2012 .

[47]  Bo Yan,et al.  Compression/expansion within a cylindrical chamber: Application of a liquid piston and various porous inserts , 2013 .

[48]  Philip Davies,et al.  Review of low-temperature vapour power cycle engines with quasi-isothermal expansion , 2014 .

[49]  S. Garvey,et al.  Exergy storage of compressed air in cavern and cavern volume estimation of the large-scale compressed air energy storage system , 2017 .

[50]  Yang Hai-qing,et al.  Experiment and simulation of the mean value model on two-stroke gasoline aero-engine , 2008 .

[51]  Jian-Hua Wang,et al.  Thermodynamic analysis of a novel tri-generation system based on compressed air energy storage and pneumatic motor , 2015 .

[52]  Martin Koller,et al.  Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage for the Integration of Wind Energy , 2004 .

[53]  Jonas Persson 1D Turbine Design Tool Validation and Loss Model Comparison: Performance Prediction of a 1-stage Turbine at Different Pressure Ratios , 2015 .

[54]  Pengcheng Shu,et al.  Development of a double acting free piston expander for power recovery in transcritical co2 cycle , 2007 .

[55]  Andrea Lazzaretto,et al.  Predicting the optimum design of single stage axial expanders in ORC systems: Is there a single efficiency map for different working fluids? , 2016 .

[56]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Experimental characterization of a hermetic scroll expander for use in a micro-scale Rankine cycle , 2012 .

[57]  M. Geyer Thermal Storage for Solar Power Plants , 1991 .

[58]  Gequn Shu,et al.  A review of researches on thermal exhaust heat recovery with Rankine cycle , 2011 .

[59]  Jianqiu Li,et al.  A review on the key issues for lithium-ion battery management in electric vehicles , 2013 .

[60]  R. Socolow,et al.  Compressed Air Energy Storage : Theory , Resources , And Applications For Wind Power 8 , 2008 .

[61]  Thomas Shepard,et al.  Parameters Affecting Bubble Formation and Size Distribution From Porous Media , 2016 .

[62]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Analysis of Liquid-Flooded Expansion Using a Scroll Expander , 2008 .

[63]  Marcello Canova,et al.  Development and validation of a control-oriented library for the simulation of automotive engines , 2004 .

[64]  Henk Huisseune,et al.  Thermodynamic analysis of energy storage with a liquid air Rankine cycle , 2013 .

[65]  Joong-kyoo Park,et al.  Analysis and optimization of a quasi-isothermal compression and expansion cycle for ocean compressed air energy storage (OCAES) , 2012, 2012 Oceans.

[66]  F. J. Wallace,et al.  Theoretical Assessment of the Performance Characteristics of Inward Radial Flow Turbines , 1958 .

[67]  Ilya Kolmanovsky,et al.  Turbocharger Modeling for Automotive Control Applications , 1999 .

[68]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Pure and Pseudo-pure Fluid Thermophysical Property Evaluation and the Open-Source Thermophysical Property Library CoolProp , 2014, Industrial & engineering chemistry research.

[69]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Working fluid selection and operating maps for Organic Rankine Cycle expansion machines , 2012 .

[70]  Fredrik Haglind,et al.  Modelling of a small scale reciprocating ORC expander for cogeneration applications , 2013 .

[71]  Chao Qin,et al.  Liquid piston compression efficiency with droplet heat transfer , 2014 .

[72]  Lars Eriksson,et al.  Modeling and Control of Turbocharged SI and DI Engines , 2007 .

[73]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Experimental performance of a piston expander in a small- scale organic Rankine cycle , 2015 .

[74]  Saili Li,et al.  Design and Simulation Analysis of a Small-Scale Compressed Air Energy Storage System Directly Driven by Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Isolated Areas , 2015 .

[75]  Seamus D. Garvey,et al.  Analysis of flexible fabric structures for large-scale subsea compressed air energy storage , 2009 .

[76]  Francisco José Arnau,et al.  A model of turbocharger radial turbines appropriate to be used in zero- and one-dimensional gas dynamics codes for internal combustion engines modelling , 2008 .

[77]  Andreas Sumper,et al.  A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications , 2012 .

[78]  Xiande Fang,et al.  Empirical models for efficiency and mass flow rate of centrifugal compressors , 2014 .

[79]  Jean Lebrun,et al.  Experimental analysis and simplified modelling of a hermetic scroll refrigeration compressor , 2002 .

[80]  Li Zhao,et al.  A review of working fluid and expander selections for organic Rankine cycle , 2013 .

[81]  Thomas Vogt,et al.  Life cycle assessment of conversion processes for the large-scale underground storage of electricity from renewables in Europe , 2014 .

[82]  David Gordon Wilson,et al.  The design of high-efficiency turbomachinery and gas turbines , 1984 .

[83]  Sanna Syri,et al.  Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis , 2015 .

[84]  Giuseppe Grazzini,et al.  A Thermodynamic Analysis of Multistage Adiabatic CAES , 2012, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[85]  Perry Y. Li,et al.  Liquid piston gas compression , 2009 .

[86]  Guoyuan Ma,et al.  Influence of intake pressure on the performance of single screw expander working with compressed air , 2013 .

[87]  Joaquín Navarro-Esbrí,et al.  Performance evaluation of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for power applications from low grade heat sources , 2015 .

[88]  Jesús Benajes,et al.  Modelling of supercharger turbines in internal-combustion engines , 1996 .

[89]  Ricardo Martinez-Botas,et al.  Turbocharger matching methodology for improved exhaust energy recovery , 2012 .

[90]  Ahmed Kovacevic,et al.  A Twin Screw Combined Compressor And Expander For CO2 Refrigeration Systems , 2002 .

[91]  Ziwen Xing,et al.  Performance study of a twin-screw expander used in a geothermal organic Rankine cycle power generator , 2015 .

[92]  Marek Orkisz,et al.  Modeling of Turbine Engine Axial-Flow Compressor and Turbine Characteristics , 2000 .

[93]  Yan Shi,et al.  Liquid air fueled open-closed cycle Stirling engine and its exergy analysis , 2015 .

[94]  M. Manno,et al.  Thermodynamic analysis of a liquid air energy storage system , 2015 .

[95]  Mahmood Farzaneh-Gord,et al.  Thermodynamic analysis of medium pressure reciprocating natural gas expansion engines , 2015 .

[96]  J. Williams,et al.  Quasi-Isothermal Expansion Engines for Liquid Nitrogen Automotive Propulsion , 1997 .

[97]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Experimental study and modeling of an Organic Rankine Cycle using scroll expander , 2010 .

[98]  U. Okapuu,et al.  A Mean Line Prediction Method for Axial Flow Turbine Efficiency , 1982 .

[99]  Muhammad Imran,et al.  Volumetric expanders for low grade heat and waste heat recovery applications , 2016 .

[100]  D. Favrat,et al.  Energy and exergy analysis of a micro-compressed air energy storage and air cycle heating and cooling system , 2008 .

[101]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Testing and modeling a scroll expander integrated into an Organic Rankine Cycle , 2009 .

[102]  Jiang Wang,et al.  Performance evaluation of a low-temperature solar Rankine cycle system utilizing R245fa , 2010 .

[103]  Erian A. Baskharone Principles of turbomachinery in air-breathing engines , 2006 .

[104]  Abbas Khosravi,et al.  A computational framework for uncertainty integration in stochastic unit commitment with intermittent renewable energy sources , 2015 .

[105]  Jihong Wang,et al.  Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation , 2015 .

[106]  Chuen-Sen Lin,et al.  Empirical Models for a Screw Expander Based on Experimental Data From Organic Rankine Cycle System Testing , 2014 .

[107]  Jean Lebrun,et al.  Simplified modelling of an open-type reciprocating compressor , 2002 .

[108]  Adrian Ilinca,et al.  Energy storage systems—Characteristics and comparisons , 2008 .

[109]  Zheng Li,et al.  Thermodynamic analysis of a hybrid thermal-compressed air energy storage system for the integration of wind power , 2014 .

[110]  Hao Sun,et al.  Feasibility study of a hybrid wind turbine system – Integration with compressed air energy storage , 2015 .

[111]  Li Yang,et al.  Mathematical Modeling Study of Scroll Air Motors and Energy Efficiency Analysis—Part II , 2011, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.

[112]  Mahmood Farzaneh-Gord,et al.  Timing optimization of single-stage single-acting reciprocating expansion engine based on exergy analysis , 2015 .

[113]  Jürg Alexander Schiffmann,et al.  Experimental Investigation of Water Injection in an Oil-Free Co-Rotating Scroll Machinery for Compressed Air Energy Storage , 2014 .

[114]  Jian Li,et al.  Experimental studies of the tooth wear resistance with different profiles in single screw compressor , 2013 .

[115]  Rodolfo Taccani,et al.  Energy efficiency analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles with scroll expanders for cogenerative applications , 2012 .

[116]  Seamus D. Garvey,et al.  Design and testing of Energy Bags for underwater compressed air energy storage , 2014 .

[117]  Jin-Long Liu,et al.  A comparative research of two adiabatic compressed air energy storage systems , 2016 .

[118]  Gregory A. Keoleian,et al.  Twelve Principles for Green Energy Storage in Grid Applications. , 2016, Environmental science & technology.

[119]  Jihong Wang,et al.  Mathematical Modeling Study of Scroll Air Motors and Energy Efficiency Analysis—Part I , 2011, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics.

[120]  Seok Hun Kang,et al.  Design and experimental study of ORC (organic Rankine cycle) and radial turbine using R245fa working fluid , 2012 .

[121]  Choon Seng Wong,et al.  Design-to-Resource (DTR) using SMC Turbine Adaptive Strategy : Design Process of Low Temperature Organic Rankine Cycle (LT-ORC) , 2015 .

[122]  David Kleinhans,et al.  Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in future power systems: The role of storage , 2014, 1405.2857.

[123]  Paul I. Ro,et al.  Conceptual Design of Ocean Compressed Air Energy Storage System , 2013 .

[124]  W. J. Comfort,et al.  Design and evaluation of a two-phase turbine for low quality steam--water mixtures , 1977 .

[125]  M. Dahleh,et al.  Optimal Management and Sizing of Energy Storage Under Dynamic Pricing for the Efficient Integration of Renewable Energy , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[126]  Daniel Wolf,et al.  LTA-CAES – A low-temperature approach to Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage , 2014 .

[127]  Martijn van den Broek,et al.  Comprehensive model of a single screw expander for ORC-systems , 2014 .

[128]  Luisa F. Cabeza,et al.  State of the art on high temperature thermal energy storage for power generation. Part 1—Concepts, materials and modellization , 2010 .

[129]  Michael E. Webber,et al.  An integrated energy storage scheme for a dispatchable solar and wind powered energy system , 2011 .

[130]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Experimental study on an open-drive scroll expander integrated into an ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) system with R245fa as working fluid , 2013 .

[131]  Chung-Hua Wu A General Theory of Three-Dimensional Flow in Subsonic and Supersonic Turbomachines of Axial, Radial, and Mixed-Flow Types , 1952, Journal of Fluids Engineering.

[132]  Davide Ziviani,et al.  Update on single-screw expander geometry model integrated into an open-source simulation tool , 2015 .

[133]  A. Foley,et al.  Impacts of compressed air energy storage plant on an electricity market with a large renewable energy portfolio , 2013 .

[134]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Reciprocating Expander for an Exhaust Heat Recovery Rankine Cycle for a Passenger Car Application , 2012 .

[135]  Andrea Lazzaretto,et al.  New efficiency charts for the optimum design of axial flow turbines for organic Rankine cycles , 2014 .

[136]  Yi Yang,et al.  Performance analysis of energy storage system based on liquid carbon dioxide with different configurations , 2015 .

[137]  Andrea Paltrinieri A mean-line model to predict the design performance of radial inflow turbines in organic rankine cycles , 2014 .

[138]  S. Quoilin,et al.  Expansion Machine and fluid selection for the Organic Rankine Cycle , 2010 .

[139]  Elio Jannelli,et al.  Assessment of design and operating parameters for a small compressed air energy storage system integrated with a stand-alone renewable power plant , 2015 .

[140]  D. E. Winterbone The Theory of Wave Action Approaches Applied to Reciprocating Engines , 1990 .

[141]  H. M. Curran,et al.  Use of organic working fluids in Rankine engines , 1979 .

[142]  Robert Morgan,et al.  Liquid air energy storage – Analysis and first results from a pilot scale demonstration plant , 2015 .

[143]  R. A. Mckay International test and demonstration of a 1-MW wellhead generator: Helical screw expander power plant , 1984 .

[144]  Hao Peng,et al.  Modeling on heat storage performance of compressed air in a packed bed system , 2015 .

[145]  Roland Span,et al.  Properties of Humid Air for Calculating Power Cycles , 2010 .

[146]  Young-Min Kim,et al.  Potential and Evolution of Compressed Air Energy Storage: Energy and Exergy Analyses , 2012, Entropy.

[147]  Dan Wang,et al.  Modelling study, efficiency analysis and optimisation of large-scale Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage systems with low-temperature thermal storage , 2016 .

[148]  Liu Guangbin,et al.  Simulation and experiment research on wide ranging working process of scroll expander driven by compressed air , 2010 .

[149]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Liquid-flooded compression and expansion in scroll machines - Part I: Model development , 2012 .

[150]  Y. Najjar,et al.  Comparison of performance of compressed-air energy-storage plant with compressed-air storage with humidification , 2006 .

[151]  Perry Y. Li,et al.  Thermal analysis of a compressor for application to Compressed Air Energy Storage , 2014 .

[152]  Rupp Carriveau,et al.  Distensible air accumulators as a means of adiabatic underwater compressed air energy storage , 2012 .

[153]  E. Alameda-Hernandez,et al.  Optimal site selection for upper reservoirs in pump-back systems, using geographical information systems and multicriteria analysis , 2016 .

[154]  M. El‐Kady,et al.  Scalable fabrication of high-power graphene micro-supercapacitors for flexible and on-chip energy storage , 2013, Nature Communications.

[155]  W. H. Giedt,et al.  Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Screw Expanders for Power Generation , 1988 .

[156]  D. P. Gatley,et al.  Thermodynamic Properties of Real Moist Air, Dry Air, Steam, Water, and Ice (RP-1485) , 2009 .

[157]  Eric Granryd,et al.  A phenomenological model for analyzing reciprocating compressors , 2007 .

[158]  R. Hyland,et al.  Formulations for the thermodynamic properties of dry air from 173.15 K to 473.15 K, and of saturated moist air from 173.15 K to 372.15 K, at pressures to 5 MPa , 1983 .

[159]  Jian Huang,et al.  Analysis and Optimization of a Compressed Air Energy Storage - Combined Cycle System , 2014, Entropy.

[160]  Zhihua Zhou,et al.  Phase change materials for solar thermal energy storage in residential buildings in cold climate , 2015 .

[161]  Mohsen Saadat,et al.  Combined optimal design and control of a near isothermal liquid piston air compressor/expander for a compressed air energy storage (CAES) system for wind turbines , 2015, HRI 2015.

[162]  O. E. Baljé,et al.  A Study on Design Criteria and Matching of Turbomachines: Part A—Similarity Relations and Design Criteria of Turbines , 1962 .

[163]  Roger L. Demler,et al.  THE APPLICATION OF THE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT RECIPROCATING STEAM EXPANDER TO THE PASSENGER CAR , 1976 .

[164]  Christos N. Markides,et al.  Analysis and optimisation of packed-bed thermal reservoirs for electricity storage applications , 2016 .

[165]  Wei He,et al.  Energy and thermodynamic analysis of power generation using a natural salinity gradient based pressure retarded osmosis process , 2014 .

[166]  Yiping Dai,et al.  Performance assessment and optimization of a combined heat and power system based on compressed air energy storage system and humid air turbine cycle , 2015 .

[167]  Saili Li,et al.  Preliminary design and off-design performance analysis of an Organic Rankine Cycle for geothermal sources , 2015 .

[168]  Xavier Py,et al.  Applicability of thermal energy storage recycled ceramics to high temperature and compressed air operating conditions , 2014 .

[169]  Perry Y. Li,et al.  Modeling and control of an open accumulator Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system for wind turbines , 2015 .

[170]  Vincent Lemort,et al.  Dynamic modeling and optimal control strategy of waste heat recovery Organic Rankine Cycles , 2011 .

[171]  S. Narine,et al.  Exergy analysis of an adiabatic compressed air energy storage system using a cascade of phase change materials , 2016 .

[172]  Sven B Andersson,et al.  Selecting an Expansion Machine for Vehicle Waste-Heat Recovery Systems Based on the Rankine Cycle , 2013 .

[173]  Jihong Wang,et al.  Overview of current development in compressed air energy storage technology , 2014 .

[174]  Hao Peng,et al.  Thermal investigation of PCM-based high temperature thermal energy storage in packed bed , 2014 .

[175]  Zhao Yuanyang,et al.  Simulation of the dynamic processes in a scroll expander—generator used for small-scale organic Rankine cycle system , 2011 .

[176]  Rupp Carriveau,et al.  Multi-objective optimization of an underwater compressed air energy storage system using genetic algorithm , 2014 .

[177]  Emilie Sauret,et al.  Candidate radial-inflow turbines and high-density working fluids for geothermal power systems , 2011 .

[178]  N. Watson,et al.  Turbocharging the internal combustion engine , 1982 .

[179]  Daniel Favrat,et al.  Innovative isothermal oil-free co-rotating scroll compressor–expander for energy storage with first expander tests , 2014 .

[180]  Peter A. Jacobs,et al.  Dynamic performance estimation of small-scale solar cogeneration with an organic Rankine cycle using a scroll expander , 2013 .

[181]  Guan Haiqing,et al.  Influence of a non-condensable gas on the performance of a piston expander for use in carbon dioxide trans-critical heat pumps , 2011 .

[182]  Khamid Mahkamov,et al.  Passive thermal control in residential buildings using phase change materials , 2016 .

[183]  Yongliang Li,et al.  Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage with Packed Bed Thermal Energy Storage , 2015 .

[184]  Haisheng Chen,et al.  Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review , 2009 .

[185]  G. Grazzini,et al.  Thermodynamic analysis of CAES/TES systems for renewable energy plants , 2008 .

[186]  M. McLinden,et al.  NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 8.0 , 2007 .

[187]  Elio Jannelli,et al.  A small-scale CAES (compressed air energy storage) system for stand-alone renewable energy power plant for a radio base station: A sizing-design methodology , 2014 .

[188]  Jinyue Yan,et al.  A review on compressed air energy storage: Basic principles, past milestones and recent developments , 2016 .

[189]  Rupp Carriveau,et al.  Parameters affecting scalable underwater compressed air energy storage , 2014 .

[190]  Perry Y. Li,et al.  Experimental study of heat transfer enhancement in a liquid piston compressor/expander using porous media inserts , 2015 .