Design and Evaluation of Soft Keyboards for Brahmic Scripts

Despite being spoken by a large percentage of the world, Indic languages in general lack user-friendly and efficient methods for text input. These languages have poor or no support for typing. Soft keyboards, because of their ease of installation and lack of reliance on specific hardware, are a promising solution as an input device for many languages. Developing an acceptable soft keyboard requires the frequency analysis of characters in order to design a layout that minimizes text-input time. This article proposes the use of various development techniques, layout variations, and evaluation methods for the creation of soft keyboards for Brahmic scripts. We propose that using optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms and multi-objective Pareto optimization to develop multi-layer keyboards will increase the speed at which text can be entered.

[1]  G. Cardona Indian epigraphy: A guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan languages By Richard Salomon (review) , 2015 .

[2]  Dhaval Joshi,et al.  Solving the great Indian text input puzzle: touch screen-based mobile text input design , 2011, Mobile HCI.

[3]  Anirudha Joshi,et al.  Design and evaluation of Devanagari virtual keyboards for touch screen mobile phones , 2011, Mobile HCI.

[4]  Soumalya Ghosh,et al.  Designing an efficient virtual keyboard for text composition in Bengali , 2011, IndiaHCI.

[5]  Carl Gutwin,et al.  Why it's quick to be square: modelling new and existing hierarchical menu designs , 2010, CHI.

[6]  Keisuke Nakano,et al.  Computing the Cost of Typechecking of Composition of Macro Tree Transducers , 2009 .

[7]  Thad Starner,et al.  A model of two-thumb chording on a phone keypad , 2009, Mobile HCI.

[8]  Seiji Yamada,et al.  Genetic algorithm can optimize hierarchical menus , 2008, CHI.

[9]  Sonia Colas,et al.  Artificial Ants for the Optimization of Virtual Keyboard Arrangement for Disabled People , 2007, Artificial Evolution.

[10]  Carl Gutwin,et al.  A predictive model of menu performance , 2007, CHI.

[11]  Kent Lyons,et al.  Revisiting and validating a model of two-thumb text entry , 2007, CHI.

[12]  Animesh Mukherjee,et al.  A virtual predictive keyboard as a learning aid for people with neuro-motor disorders , 2005, Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT'05).

[13]  Chang Wook Ahn,et al.  On the practical genetic algorithms , 2005, GECCO '05.

[14]  Shumin Zhai,et al.  In search of effective text input interfaces for off the desktop computing , 2005, Interact. Comput..

[15]  Mathieu Raynal,et al.  Genetic algorithm to generate optimized soft keyboard , 2005, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[16]  Jun Gong,et al.  Alphabetically constrained keypad designs for text entry on mobile devices , 2005, CHI.

[17]  Anirudha Joshi,et al.  Keylekh: a keyboard for text entry in indic scripts , 2004, CHI EA '04.

[18]  I. Scott MacKenzie,et al.  Phrase sets for evaluating text entry techniques , 2003, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[19]  Durgesh Rao,et al.  An intelligent multi-layered input scheme for phonetic scripts , 2002, SMARTGRAPH '02.

[20]  Kalyanmoy Deb,et al.  A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II , 2002, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput..

[21]  Shumin Zhai,et al.  The metropolis keyboard - an exploration of quantitative techniques for virtual keyboard design , 2000, UIST '00.

[22]  George Cardona,et al.  Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages , 2000 .

[23]  I. Scott MacKenzie,et al.  Predicting text entry speed on mobile phones , 2000, CHI.

[24]  I. Scott MacKenzie,et al.  The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard , 1999, CHI '99.

[25]  Richard L. Venezky,et al.  Literacy: An International Handbook , 1999 .

[26]  Darrell Whitley,et al.  A genetic algorithm tutorial , 1994, Statistics and Computing.

[27]  Dan Venolia,et al.  T-Cube: a fast, self-disclosing pen-based alphabet , 1994, CHI '94.

[28]  P. Fitts The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. 1954. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[29]  Henry Rogers,et al.  The Writing Systems of the World , 1991 .

[30]  Colin P. Masica The Indo-Aryan Languages , 1991 .

[31]  D. Rapaport Book review: Monte Carlo simulation in statistical physics: An introduction , 1989 .

[32]  Braj B. Kachru The power and politics of English , 1986 .

[33]  Lawrence Davis,et al.  Applying Adaptive Algorithms to Epistatic Domains , 1985, IJCAI.

[34]  Jan Noyes,et al.  The QWERTY Keyboard: A Review , 1983, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[35]  Akira Nakanishi,et al.  Writing Systems of the World , 1980 .

[36]  P. Fitts The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. , 1954, Journal of experimental psychology.

[37]  R. Hyman Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time. , 1953, Journal of experimental psychology.

[38]  Jugal Kalita,et al.  Designing Soft Keyboards for Brahmic Scripts , 2010 .

[39]  Anshuman Kumar,et al.  Saral : Devanagari Text input system in Mobile phones , 2009 .

[40]  N. H. Beebe A Complete Bibliography of ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing , 2007 .

[41]  Yoshiki Mikami,et al.  Languages of Myanmar in Cyberspace , 2005 .

[42]  Rahul Ajmera,et al.  Gesture Keyboard - User centered design of a unique input device for Indic Scripts , 2005 .

[43]  Tony McEnery,et al.  Corpus data for South Asian language processing. , 2003 .

[44]  Martin Hoskeni,et al.  Crossing the Digital Divide : computer resources to aid minorities , 2003 .

[45]  Mathias Kölsch,et al.  Keyboards without Keyboards: A Survey of Virtual Keyboards , 2002 .

[46]  Anirudha Joshi,et al.  A Dynamic Text Input scheme for phonetic scripts like Devanagari , 2002 .

[47]  I. Scott MacKenzie,et al.  A Model of Two-Thumb Text Entry , 2002, Graphics Interface.

[48]  Dorothea Heiss-Czedik,et al.  An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms. , 1997, Artificial Life.

[49]  David E. Goldberg,et al.  Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning , 1988 .

[50]  W. E. Hick Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 1948, Nature.