Objects and Information Structure

1. Introduction 2. Syntactic assumptions 3. Information structure in grammar 4. Syntax and information structure 5. Topicality and grammatical marking 6. Topical marking of nonsubjects 7. Topicality and DOM 8. Primary and secondary objecthood and DOM 9. Multiple objects and grammatical alignment 10. Semantic features, topicality and grammaticalisation 11. Conclusion.

[1]  John T. Maxwell,et al.  Formal issues in lexical-functional grammar , 1998 .

[2]  Mutsumi Yamamoto,et al.  Animacy and reference , 1999 .

[3]  Michael Darnell.  Functionalism and formalism in linguistics , 1999 .

[4]  Eric Wehrli,et al.  Syntax and the lexicon , 1993 .

[5]  Miriam Butt,et al.  Theories of case , 2006 .

[6]  K. Kiss.  Syntax of Hungarian , 2017 .

[7]  Johanna Barddal,et al.  Case in Icelandic : A Synchronic, Diachronic and Comparative Approach , 2001 .

[8]  Dolgor Guntsetseg.  Differential object marking in Mongolian , 2008 .

[9]  S. H. Kellogg,et al.  Grammar of the Hindi Language , 1989 .

[10]  Seppo Kittilä,et al.  Object-, animacy- and role-based strategies: A typology of object marking , 2006 .

[11]  Judith Aissen.  Differential Coding, Partial Blocking, and Bidirectional OT , 2003 .

[12]  A. Zaenen,et al.  Case and grammatical functions: The Icelandic passive , 1985 .

[13]  Jeanette K. Gundel,et al.  Cognitive Status and the form of Referring Expressions in Discourse , 1993, The Oxford Handbook of Reference.

[14]  Ash Asudeh,et al.  Relational Nouns, Pronouns, and Resumption , 2005 .

[15]  Sten Vikner,et al.  Optimality-theoretic syntax , 2001 .

[16]  Elisabeth Mayer,et al.  Clitics on the Move: From Dependent Marking to Split Marking , 2008 .

[17]  William Croft,et al.  Radical Construction Grammar: Syntactic Theory in Typological Perspective , 2001 .

[18]  Mona Singh,et al.  Thematic Roles, Word Order, and Deeniteness , 2007 .

[19]  Thomas Givon,et al.  Syntax: A functional-typological introduction. Volume I , 1984 .

[20]  Frans Plank,et al.  Double case : agreement by suffixaufnahme , 1995 .

[21]  Hye-Won Choi,et al.  Optimizing structure in context: scrambling and information structure , 1996 .

[22]  Jila Ghomeshi,et al.  Topics in Persian VPs , 1997 .

[23]  Sandra Paoli,et al.  Contrastiveness and New Information: a new view on Focus , 2009 .

[24]  Ash Asudeh,et al.  Towards a Unified Theory of Resumption , 2011 .

[25]  Chu-Ren Huang,et al.  Subcategorized TOPICs in Mandarin Chinese , 2007 .

[26]  Daniel Büring,et al.  Semantics, Intonation and Information Structure , 2007 .

[27]  J. Bresnan.  Lexical-Functional Syntax , 2000 .

[28]  Mats Rooth.  A theory of focus interpretation , 1992, Natural Language Semantics.

[29]  Yukiko Morimoto,et al.  Prominence Mismatches and Differential Object Marking in Bantu , 2002 .

[30]  Daniel L. Finer,et al.  Contrasting ā-Dependencies in Selayarese , 1997 .

[31]  Uwe Reyle,et al.  Tense in LFG : Syntax and Morphology , 2002 .

[32]  Vit Bubenik,et al.  From Case to Adposition: The development of configurational syntax in Indo-European languages , 2006 .

[33]  Knud Lambrecht,et al.  Information structure and sentence form , 1994 .

[34]  Gabi Danon,et al.  Caseless nominals and the projection of DP , 2006 .

[35]  Carol Genetti,et al.  A descriptive and historical account of the Dolakha Newari dialect , 1994 .

[36]  T. Jaeger,et al.  BULGARIAN WORD ORDER AND THE ROLE OF THE DIRECT OBJECT CLITIC IN LFG , 2002 .

[37]  Andrew Carnie,et al.  Argument hierarchies and the mapping principle , 2003 .

[38]  Jaklin Kornfilt,et al.  DOM and Two Types of DSM in Turkish , 2009 .

[39]  C. F. Hockett.  A Course in Modern Linguistics , 1959 .

[40]  Andrej Malchukov.  Transitivity parameters and transitivity alternations: constraining co-variation , 2006 .

[41]  Shlomo Raz,et al.  Tigre grammar and texts , 1985 .

[42]  Colin P. Masica.  The Indo-Aryan Languages , 1991 .

[43]  Georg Bossong.  Morphemic Marking of Topic and Focus , 1989 .

[44]  Troi Carleton,et al.  Pronominal Markers in Zenzontepec Chatino , 2000, International Journal of American Linguistics.

[45]  Enric Vallduví,et al.  The Informational Component , 1990 .

[46]  Elizabeth Ritter,et al.  The interpretive value of object splits , 2001 .

[47]  Carol Genetti.  Object Relations and Dative Case in Dolakha Newari , 1997 .

[48]  Peter F. Strawson,et al.  Subject and Predicate in Logic and Grammar , 1976 .

[49]  P. Portner,et al.  The Semantics and Pragmatics of Topic Phrases , 1998 .

[50]  Craige Roberts.  Information structure in discourse: Towards an integrated for-mal theory of pragmatics , 1996 .

[51]  André Meinunger.  Syntactic aspects of topic and comment , 2000 .

[52]  Nigel Vincent,et al.  Objects and OBJ , 2008 .

[53]  S. Thompson,et al.  Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse , 1980 .

[54]  Maria Polinsky,et al.  Typological Variation in Sentence-Focus Constructions , 1997 .

[55]  Van Valin,et al.  Exploring the Syntax–Semantics Interface: List of abbreviations , 2005 .

[56]  T. Reinhart.  Pragmatics and Linguistics: an analysis of Sentence Topics , 1981, Philosophica.

[57]  Balthasar Bickel,et al.  Face vs. empathy: the social foundation of Maithili verb agreement , 1999 .

[58]  Geoffrey Haig,et al.  Alignment Change in Iranian Languages: A Construction Grammar Approach , 2008 .

[59]  Johan Bos,et al.  A compositional DRS-based formalism for NLP applications , 1994 .

[60]  Marianne Mithun,et al.  Active/agentive case marking and its motivations , 1991 .

[61]  Mary Dalrymple.  Object functions and the syntax of double object constructions in lexical functional grammar , 2008 .

[62]  Elisabet Engdahl,et al.  Information Packaging in HPSG , 1996 .

[63]  Florian Schäfer,et al.  Uncharted territory? Towards a noncartographic account of Germanic syntax. , 2006 .

[64]  J. Rooryck,et al.  CLITIC CONSTRUCTIONS , 2000 .

[65]  Peter de Swart,et al.  Cross-linguistic Variation in Object Marking , 2007 .

[66]  John Fry,et al.  Ellipsis and wa-marking in Japanese Conversation , 2001 .

[67]  Åshild Næss,et al.  What markedness marks: the markedness problem with direct objects , 2004 .

[68]  Nomi Erteschik-Shir,et al.  The dynamics of focus structure , 1997 .

[69]  Ö. Dahl,et al.  Animacy in grammar and discourse , 1996 .

[70]  J. Nichols.  Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar , 1986 .

[71]  Nigel Vincent,et al.  Position vs function in Scandinavian presentational constructions , 2005 .

[72]  Barbara F. Grimes.  Ethnologue Languages of the World , 1988 .

[73]  Mira Ariel.  Referring and accessibility , 1988, Journal of Linguistics.

[74]  Gillian Ramchand,et al.  Aspect and Predication: The Semantics of Argument Structure , 1997 .

[75]  H. D. Koot,et al.  Dutch scrambling and the nature of discourse templates , 2008 .

[76]  M. Silverstein.  7. Hierarchy of Features and Ergativity , 1986 .

[77]  Martin Haspelmath,et al.  Ditransitive alignment splits and inverse alignment , 2007 .

[78]  M. Krifka.  Association with focus phrases , 2006 .

[79]  Elena Filimonova,et al.  The noun phrase hierarchy and relational marking: Problems and counterevidence , 2005 .

[80]  Alex Alsina.  The role of argument structure in grammar : evidence from romance , 1998 .

[81]  Tracy Holloway King.  Configuring topic and focus in Russian , 1995 .

[82]  P. Strawson.  Identifying reference and truth‐values , 2008 .

[83]  Nomi Erteschik-Shir,et al.  Information Structure: The Syntax-Discourse Interface , 2007 .

[84]  Irina Nikolaeva,et al.  Nonsubject agreement and discourse roles , 2005 .

[85]  R. Nordlinger.  Constructive Case: Evidence from Australian Languages , 1998 .

[86]  Edward L. Keenan,et al.  Towards a universal definition of "Subject , 2014 .

[87]  Judith Aissen,et al.  Differential Object Marking: Iconicity vs. Economy , 2003 .

[88]  Gernot L. Windfuhr.  Persian Grammar: History and State of Its Study , 1979 .

[89]  Miriam Butt,et al.  Case systems : Beyond structural distinctions , 2003 .

[90]  Mark Steedman,et al.  The syntactic process , 2004, Language, speech, and communication.

[91]  Yo Matsumoto,et al.  Complex Predicates in Japanese: A Syntactic and Semantic Study of the Notion 'Word' , 1996 .

[92]  Ulla-Maija Kulonen,et al.  The passive in Ob-Ugrian , 1991 .

[93]  Helen de Hoop,et al.  Differential case-marking in Hindi , 2005 .

[94]  Anoop Mahajan,et al.  The specificity condition and the CED , 1992 .

[95]  James D. McCawley,et al.  Grammar and Meaning: Papers on Syntactic and Semantic Topics , 1976 .

[96]  J. Bresnan,et al.  Non-configurationality in Australian aboriginal languages , 1996 .

[97]  Mürvet Enç,et al.  Towards a referential analysis of temporal expressions , 1986 .

[98]  Jaklin Kornfilt,et al.  The case of the direct object in Turkish: Semantics, syntax and morphology , 2005 .

[99]  József Pápay.  Északi-osztják nyelvtanulmányok , 1910 .

[100]  Anna Szabolcsi,et al.  The semantics of topic-focus articulation , 1981 .

[101]  T. Givón,et al.  On Understanding Grammar , 1979 .

[102]  Martin Haspelmath,et al.  Explaining the Ditransitive Person-Role Constraint , 2012 .

[103]  Ning Yang,et al.  Scrambled objects and case marking in Mandarin Chinese , 2007 .

[104]  Elena Maslova,et al.  A grammar of Kolyma Yukaghir , 2003 .

[105]  L. Rizzi.  The Fine Structure of the Left Periphery , 1997 .

[106]  Klaus von Heusinger,et al.  Verbal semantics and the diachronic development of DOM in Spanish , 2008 .

[107]  Caroline Féry,et al.  Information structure: Notional distinctions, ways of expression , 2008 .

[108]  H. de Hoop,et al.  Incremental distinguishability of subject and object , 2006 .

[109]  Bernard Comrie,et al.  When agreement gets trigger‐happy , 2003 .

[110]  Paul Kroeger,et al.  Phrase Structure and Grammatical Relations in Tagalog , 1992 .

[111]  K. Lambrecht.  On the status of SVO sentences in French discourse , 1987 .

[112]  M. Dryer.  Primary Objects, Secondary Objects, and Antidative , 1986 .

[113]  Ellen Woolford.  Conditions on Object Agreement in Ruwund (Bantu) , 2003 .

[114]  Lioba J. Moshi,et al.  Object asymmetries in comparative Bantu syntax , 1990 .

[115]  Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald,et al.  A Grammar of Tariana, from Northwest Amazonia , 2003 .

[116]  Yehuda N. Falk,et al.  Lexical-Functional Grammar: An Introduction to Parallel Constraint-Based Syntax , 2001 .

[117]  Paul Portner,et al.  Specific Indefinites and the Information Structure Theory of Topics , 2001, J. Semant..

[118]  Gregory Stump,et al.  Maithili Verb Agreement and the Control Agreement Principle , 1988 .

[119]  Igor Mel’čuk,et al.  Communicative organization in natural language , 2001 .

[120]  David R. Dowty.  Thematic proto-roles and argument selection , 1991 .

[121]  Sarah Cummins,et al.  The Unaccusative Hypothesis and the Impersonal Construction in French , 2000, Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique.

[122]  T. Hara,et al.  Overview and introduction , 1992 .

[123]  Jeanette K. Gundel.  The Role of Topic and Comment in Linguistic Theory , 1988 .

[124]  Andrej Malchukov,et al.  On fluid differential case marking: A bidirectional OT approach , 2007 .

[125]  Troi Carleton,et al.  Marking focus in Chatino , 2002 .

[126]  Manuel Leonetti,et al.  Specificity and Object Marking: the Case of Spanish a , 2002 .

[127]  Elena Anagnostopoulou,et al.  Object Shift and Specificity: Evidence from ko-phrases in Hindi , 1996 .

[128]  R. Schwarzschild.  Why Some Foci Must Associate 1 , 1997 .

[129]  SINHALA , 2022, Cheers!.

[130]  Ronald M. Kaplan,et al.  Lexical Functional Grammar A Formal System for Grammatical Representation , 2004 .

[131]  Esther Torrego,et al.  The Dependencies of Objects , 1998 .

[132]  Carolyn J. MacKay,et al.  Symmetrical Objects in Misantla Totonac1 , 2008, International Journal of American Linguistics.

[133]  Ivan A. Sag,et al.  Syntactic Theory: A Formal Introduction , 1999, Computational Linguistics.

[134]  John I. Saeed.  Somali reference grammar , 1987 .

[135]  Seppo Kittilä.  The woman showed the baby to her sister: On resolving humanness-driven ambiguity in ditransitives , 2006 .

[136]  Tafseer Ahmed,et al.  Development of Case in South Asian Languages 1 , 2008 .

[137]  Noel Rude.  Topicality, Transitivity, and the Direct Object in Nez Perce , 1986, International Journal of American Linguistics.

[138]  Ray Jackendoff,et al.  Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar , 1972 .

[139]  Gerhard Jäger,et al.  Learning Constraint Subhierarchies: The Bidirectional Gradual Learning Algorithm , 2004 .

[140]  Mary Dalrymple,et al.  Semantics and syntax in lexical functional grammar : the resource logic approach , 1999 .

[141]  Judith Aissen,et al.  Markedness and Subject Choice in Optimality Theory , 1999 .

[142]  Maria Polinsky,et al.  Double objects in causatives: towards a study of coding conflict , 1995 .

[143]  Greville G. Corbett,et al.  On the scope of the referential hierarchy in the typology of grammatical relations , 2008 .

[144]  Klaus von Heusinger,et al.  Specificity and Definiteness in Sentence and Discourse Structure , 2002, J. Semant..

[145]  Gert Webelhuth,et al.  A theory of predicates , 1997 .

[146]  Tara Warrier Mohanan,et al.  Arguments in Hindi , 1990 .

[147]  Miriam Butt.  The Structure of Complex Predicates in Urdu , 1995 .

[148]  John I. Saeed.  The syntax of focus & topic in Somali , 1984 .

[149]  Manfred Krifka,et al.  A Framework for Focus-Sensitive Quantification , 1992 .

[150]  John Haiman,et al.  Natural Syntax: Iconicity and Erosion , 1985 .

[151]  Bernd Heine,et al.  World Lexicon of Grammaticalization , 2019 .

[152]  André Meinunger.  Topicality and Agreement , 1999 .

[153]  Miriam Butt,et al.  Theoretical perspectives on word order in South Asian languages , 1994 .

[154]  Bart Geurts,et al.  Specific indefinites, presupposition, and scope , 2010 .

[155]  Frederick J. Newmeyer,et al.  Functionalism and Formalism in Linguistics: Volume I: General papers , 1999 .

[156]  Åshild Næss.  Case semantics and the agent-patient opposition , 2006 .

[157]  Uwe Reyle,et al.  From Discourse to Logic - Introduction to Modeltheoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory , 1993, Studies in linguistics and philosophy.

[158]  E. Prince.  Topicalization, Focus-Movement, and Yiddish-Movement: A Pragmatic Differentiation , 1981 .

[159]  Immanuel Barshi,et al.  External Possession: What, Where, How, and Why , 1999 .

[160]  Richard Hudson,et al.  SO-CALLED 'DOUBLE OBJECTS' AND GRAMMATICAL RELATIONS , 1992 .

[161]  David I. Beaver,et al.  Sense and Sensitivity: How Focus Determines Meaning , 2008 .

[162]  Carol Genetti,et al.  A grammar of Dolakha Newar , 2007 .

[163]  Irina Nikolaeva,et al.  Object Agreement, Grammatical Relations, and Information Structure , 1999 .

[164]  Alice C. Harris,et al.  Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Extension , 1995 .

[165]  Károly Rédei.  Northern Ostyak chrestomathy , 1965 .

[166]  A. Andrews.  Semantic case‐stacking and inside‐out unification∗ , 1996 .

[167]  Mats Rooth.  Association with focus , 1985 .

[168]  One-Soon Her,et al.  Topic as a grammatical function in Chinese , 1991 .

[169]  Tracy Holloway King.  Focus Domains and Information-Structure , 1997 .

[170]  P. Sgall,et al.  Topic-focus articulation, tripartite structures, and semantic content , 1998 .

[171]  Gilbert Lazard,et al.  A grammar of contemporary Persian , 1994 .

[172]  Nazareth Amlesom Kifle,et al.  DIFFERENTIAL OBJECT MARKING AND TOPICALITY IN TIGRINYA , 2007 .

[173]  Irina Nikolaeva,et al.  Secondary topic as a relation in information structure , 2001 .

[174]  Elena Maslova,et al.  Information focus in relational clause structure , 2006 .

[175]  E. Engdahl,et al.  The linguistic realization of information packaging , 2013 .

[176]  Veerle van Geenhoven.  Semantic Incorporation and Indefinite Descriptions: Semantic and Syntactic Aspects of Noun Incorporation in West Greenlandic , 1998 .

[177]  A. Andrews.  The major functions of the noun phrase , 2007 .

[178]  M. Baltin,et al.  The Mental representation of grammatical relations , 1985 .

[179]  Yukiko Morimoto,et al.  From Topic to Subject Marking: Implications for a Typology of Subject Marking , 2009 .

[180]  David E. Johnson,et al.  Arc Pair Grammar , 1980 .

[181]  H. de Hoop,et al.  Differential subject marking , 2009 .

[182]  Noam Chomsky,et al.  The Minimalist Program , 1992 .

[183]  Miriam Butt,et al.  The redevelopment of Indo-Aryan case systems from a lexical semantic perspective , 2011 .

[184]  Denis Creissels,et al.  Remarks on split intransitivity and fluid intransitivity , 2008 .

[185]  Comrie Bernard.  Language Universals and Linguistic Typology , 1982 .

[186]  M. Victoria Escandell-Vidal.  Differential object marking and topicality: The case of Balearic Catalan , 2009 .

[187]  Anne Zribi-Hertz,et al.  Differential Function Marking, Case, and Information Structure: Evidence from Korean , 2008 .

[188]  Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin,et al.  The Syntax of Romanian , 1993 .

[189]  Craige Roberts,et al.  Information Structure: Towards an integrated formal theory of pragmatics , 2012 .

[190]  J. Bresnan,et al.  Topic, Pronoun, and Agreement in Chicheŵa@@@Topic, Pronoun, and Agreement in Chichewa , 1987 .

[191]  Miriam Butt,et al.  The Status of Case , 2004 .

[192]  Jane Simpson.  Warlpiri Morpho-Syntax: A Lexicalist Approach , 1991 .

[193]  Andrej Malchukov,et al.  Ditransitive constructions: a typological overview , 2010 .

[194]  Michael C. Shapiro,et al.  Outline of Hindi Grammar , 1974 .

[195]  K. Lambrecht.  When subjects behave like objects: An analysis of the merging of S and O in sentence-focus constructions across languages , 2000 .

[196]  T. Givón,et al.  Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction , 1982 .

[197]  Veneeta Dayal,et al.  Bare Nominals: Non-Specific and Contrastive Readings under Scrambling , 2008 .

[198]  A. Coetzee.  Grammaticality and Ungrammaticality in Phonology , 2008 .

[199]  Mary Dalrymple,et al.  Quantifiers, Anaphora, and Intensionality , 1995, J. Log. Lang. Inf..

[200]  Knud Lambrecht,et al.  Topic, Antitopic and Verb Agreement in Non-Standard French , 1981 .

[201]  E. Keenan,et al.  Noun Phrase Accessibility and Universal Grammar , 2008 .

[202]  Mary Dalrymple,et al.  Lexical Functional Grammar , 2001 .

[203]  Miriam Butt,et al.  Intelligent linguistic architectures : varations on themes by Ronald M. Kaplan , 2006 .

[204]  Lorraine S. Levin.  Operations on lexical forms : unaccusative rules in Germanic languages , 1985 .

[205]  Irene Heim,et al.  The semantics of definite and indefinite noun phrases : a dissertation , 1982 .

[206]  T. Givon.  Topic Continuity in Discourse , 1983 .

[207]  Jeffrey Lidz,et al.  The Grammar of Accusative Case in Kannada , 2006 .

[208]  Miriam Butt,et al.  Turkish non-canonical objects , 2008 .

[209]  Ellen Woolford,et al.  1999 In Paul Kotey ed. New Dimensions in African Linguistics and Languages (Trends in African Linguistics 3), 203-216. ANIMACY HIERARCHY EFFECTS ON OBJECT AGREEMENT , 2004 .

[210]  John W. Du Bois.  The Discourse Basis of Ergativity , 1987 .

[211]  G. Bossong.  Differential Object Marking in Romance and Beyond , 1991 .

[212]  Ellen Woolford,et al.  Object Agreement in Palauan: Specificity, Humanness, Economy and Optimality , 2000 .

[213]  Noel Rude,et al.  Promotion and Topicality of Nez Perce Objects , 1982 .

[214]  Francesco Orilia,et al.  Semantics and Cognition , 1991 .

[215]  Susi Wurmbrand,et al.  Notes on Agreement in Itelmen , 2002 .

[216]  Mürvet Enç.  The semantics of specificity , 1991 .

[217]  A. Goldberg.  Constructions at Work: The Nature of Generalization in Language , 2006 .

[218]  Andrej L. Malchukov,et al.  Animacy and asymmetries in differential case marking , 2008 .

[219]  Alexis Dimitriadis,et al.  The Discourse Function of Object Marking in Swahili , 1997 .

[220]  Joan Bresnan,et al.  Locative inversion in Chichewa: a case study of factorization in grammar , 1989 .

[221]  Helge Lødrup,et al.  Linking and Optimality in the Norwegian Presentational Focus Construction , 1999, Nordic Journal of Linguistics.

[222]  Katalin É. Kiss,et al.  Discourse configurational languages , 1995 .

[223]  Maria Polinsky,et al.  Long-Distance Agreement And Topic In Tsez , 2001 .