Problem Formulation in Planning and Design

This paper deals with the role of problem formulation in planning and design, including: a the importance of problem formulation to planning and design; b problematic, physiological, psychological and environmental factors that can affect the formulation process; and c problem formulation heuristics. Two types of formulation heuristics are identified-problem reduction and problem expansion. Because the latter type has received little empirical research, an initial study of a problem expansion heuristic Problem-Purpose Expansion was conducted. Experimentation showed that Problem-Purpose Expansion may have a positive effect on idea generation, particularly for individuals working on problems that fall outside their area of expertise. Exhorting the importance of problem formulation, a second treatment studied in these experiments, produced little measurable effect on idea generation.

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