Guideline on Use of Nitrous Oxide for Pediatric Dental Patients.

Purpose The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) recognizes nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation as a safe and effective technique to reduce anxiety, produce analgesia, and enhance effective communication between a patient and health care provider. The need to diagnose and treat, as well as the safety of the patient and practitioner, should be considered before using nitrous oxide. By producing this guideline, the AAPD intends to assist the dental profession in developing appropriate practices in the use of nitrous oxide/oxygen analgesia/ anxiolysis for pediatric patients.

[1]  Policy on Minimizing Occupational Health Hazards Associated with Nitrous Oxide. , 2016, Pediatric Dentistry.

[2]  M. Dock CHAPTER 14 – Pharmacologic Management of Patient Behavior , 2011 .

[3]  T. J. Robinson,et al.  End-expired nitrous oxide concentrations compared to flowmeter settings during operative dental treatment in children. , 2011, Pediatric Dentistry.

[4]  J. Welie,et al.  Current status of nitrous oxide as a behavior management practice routine in pediatric dentistry. , 2011, Journal of dentistry for children.

[5]  J. Zier,et al.  Seizures Temporally Associated With Nitrous Oxide Administration for Pediatric Procedural Sedation , 2010, Journal of child neurology.

[6]  J. Mcglothlin,et al.  Evaluation of two nitrous oxide scavenging systems using infrared thermography to visualize and control emissions. , 2009, Journal of the American Dental Association.

[7]  E. Uhl,et al.  Inflammatory response to nitrous oxide in the central nervous system , 2008, Brain Research.

[8]  M. Maze,et al.  Biologic Effects of Nitrous Oxide: A Mechanistic and Toxicologic Review , 2008, Anesthesiology.

[9]  A. Kupietzky,et al.  Fasting state and episodes of vomiting in children receiving nitrous oxide for dental treatment. , 2008, Pediatric dentistry.

[10]  V. Baum,et al.  Nitrous oxide in pediatric anesthesia: friend or foe? , 2008, Current opinion in anaesthesiology.

[11]  I. Holroyd Conscious sedation in pediatric dentistry. A short review of the current UK guidelines and the technique of inhalational sedation with nitrous oxide , 2007, Paediatric anaesthesia.

[12]  R. Quock,et al.  Advances in understanding the actions of nitrous oxide. , 2007, Anesthesia progress.

[13]  C. Coté,et al.  Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients During and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures: An Update , 2006, Pediatrics.

[14]  J. Foley A prospective study of the use of nitrous oxide inhalation sedation for dental treatment in anxious children. , 2005, European journal of paediatric dentistry.

[15]  D. Bozinov,et al.  Nitrous oxide concentrations in the posterior nasopharynx during administration by nasal mask. , 2004, Pediatric dentistry.

[16]  G. Lyratzopoulos,et al.  Inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide as an alternative to dental general anaesthesia for children. , 2003, Journal of public health medicine.

[17]  K. Hogan,et al.  Adverse effect of nitrous oxide in a child with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[18]  S. Malamed,et al.  Nitrous oxide-oxygen: a new look at a very old technique. , 2003, Journal of the California Dental Association.

[19]  M. Hosey UK National Clinical Guidelines in Paediatric Dentistry. Managing anxious children: the use of conscious sedation in paediatric dentistry. , 2002, International journal of paediatric dentistry.

[20]  R. Kennedy,et al.  Nitrous oxide in the pediatric emergency department , 2000 .

[21]  B. Fish,et al.  Effect of anaesthetic agents on tympanometry and middle-ear effusions. , 1998, The Journal of laryngology and otology.

[22]  O. Ogundipe,et al.  Sickle cell disease and nitrous oxide-induced neuropathy. , 1999, Clinical and laboratory haematology.

[23]  C. Coté,et al.  Practice Guidelines for Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists , 2002, Anesthesiology.

[24]  C. Weinberg,et al.  Nitrous oxide and spontaneous abortion in female dental assistants. , 1995, American journal of epidemiology.

[25]  D. Donaldson,et al.  The hazards of chronic exposure to nitrous oxide: an update , 1995, British Dental Journal.

[26]  D. Stach Nitrous oxide sedation: understanding the benefits and risks. , 1995, American journal of dentistry.

[27]  R. Hannallah,et al.  Age and the onset of desaturation in apnoeic children , 1994, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[28]  Y. Takauchi,et al.  Duration of apnea in anesthetized infants and children required for desaturation of hemoglobin to 95%. The influence of upper respiratory infection. , 1992, Anesthesiology.

[29]  J. Nathan Management of the difficult child: a survey of pediatric dentists' use of restraints, sedation and general anesthesia. , 1989, ASDC journal of dentistry for children.

[30]  J. Priest,et al.  Bleomycin therapy: a contraindication to the use of nitrous oxide-oxygen psychosedation in the dental office. , 1988, Pediatric dentistry.

[31]  R. Hannallah,et al.  Oxygen administration prevents hypoxemia during post-anesthetic transport in children. , 1988, Anesthesiology.

[32]  S. Malamed Sedation: A Guide to Patient Management , 1985 .

[33]  P. Moore,et al.  Nitrous oxide and the dental patient: a review of adverse reactions. , 1984, Journal of the American Dental Association.

[34]  McDowall Dg,et al.  I.c.p. increases with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen in severe head injuries during controlled ventilation. , 1979, British journal of anaesthesia.

[35]  B. Iranpour,et al.  The responses to nitrous oxide analgesia in children. , 1971, ASDC journal of dentistry for children.