Super-Sparse On-Off Division Multiple Access: Replacing Repetition With Idling

A very low-complexity on-off division multiple access (ODMA) scheme is proposed for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-user non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems. At the transmission side, each user employs the same length-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> channel code whose coded bits, after modulation, are sent in a random <italic>time-hopping</italic> manner. Specifically, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> coded bits are randomly scheduled and sent using <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> time slots with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n\gg m$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, i.e., only <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> slots are used for signal transmission and the other <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n-m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> slots are idle. The slot selection, referred to as an on-off pattern, is unique to each user, and it is the only means of user separation. Consequently, at each time slot only a very few users (i.e., 2 or 3) may simultaneously access the channel, leading to a super-sparse access system. Due to the sparse access property, a very low-complexity iterative multi-user decoding method can be implemented on an almost tree-like factor graph. Compared with existing iteratively decodable code division multiple access (CDMA) schemes, such as sparse-CDMA and interleave division multiple access (IDMA), ODMA does not rely on repetition (spreading) or user interleaving. In fact, we show that in using extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) analysis and simulation, idling is more effective than repetition in terms of enhancing the multi-user iterative decoding performance. By replacing repetition with idling, a remarkable multi-user decoding performance gain is achieved and, at the same time, the decoding complexity is significantly reduced.

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