Reprint of: The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database and HAWKS (HITRAN Atmospheric Workstation): 1996 edition

Since its first publication in 1973, the HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database has been recognized as the international standard for providing the necessary fundamental spectroscopic parameters for diverse atmospheric and laboratory transmission and radiance calculations. There have been periodic editions of HITRAN over the past decades as the database has been expanded and improved with respect to the molecular species and spectral range covered, the number of parameters included, and the accuracy of this information. The 1996 edition not only includes the customary line-by-line transition parameters familiar to HITRAN users, but also cross-section data, aerosol indices of refraction, software to filter and manipulate the data, and documentation. This paper describes the data and features that have been added or replaced since the previous edition of HITRAN. We also cite instances of critical data that are forthcoming.

[1]  Isabelle Kleiner,et al.  Positions and Intensities in the 3? 2/? 2 + ? 4 Vibrational System of 14NH 3 near 4 m , 1995 .

[2]  A. Goldman,et al.  The Fundamental Bands of H35Cl and H37Cl: Line Positions from High-Resolution Laboratory Data , 1993 .

[3]  Masaaki Sugie,et al.  The rotational spectra, molecular structure, dipole moment, and hyperfine constants of HOBr and DOBr , 1989 .

[4]  Massimo Inguscio,et al.  The pure rotation spectrum of HBr in the submillimeter-wave region , 1991 .

[5]  Hans-Joachim Werner,et al.  Ab initio calculations of radiative transition probabilities in the X 2Σ+ and A 2Π electronic states of CO+ , 1982 .

[6]  W. S. Benedict,et al.  Calculation of line widths in H2O-H2O and H2O-O2 collisions , 1964 .

[7]  John J. Orlando,et al.  The temperature dependence of collision‐induced absorption by oxygen near 6 μm , 1991 .

[8]  Christian Servais,et al.  A New Analysis of the OH Radical Spectrum from Solar Infrared Observations , 1995 .

[9]  Kenneth M. Evenson,et al.  Atomic Oxygen Fine-Structure Splittings with Tunable Far-Infrared Spectroscopy , 1991 .

[10]  Walter J. Lafferty,et al.  32S16O2: A Refined Analysis of the 3ν3 Band and Determination of Equilibrium Rotational Constants , 1993 .

[11]  G. Herzberg,et al.  Molecular spectra and molecular structure. Vol.2: Infrared and Raman spectra of polyatomic molecules , 1945 .

[12]  L. Rothman,et al.  Extension of the hitran database to non-LTE applications , 1992 .

[13]  Dennis C. Reuter,et al.  HNO 3: Absolute Line Intensities for the ? 9Fundamental , 1997 .

[14]  James B. Burkholder,et al.  Spectroscopic constants for the ν9 infrared band of HNO3 , 1988 .

[15]  V. M. Devi,et al.  Line positions and intensities of the 2(nu3), (nu1) + (nu3), and 2(nu1) bands of (O-16)3 , 1988 .

[16]  K. Evenson,et al.  Accurate far-infrared rotational frequencies of carbon monoxide , 1992 .

[17]  S. Warren,et al.  Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave. , 1984, Applied optics.

[18]  D. Griffith,et al.  Open-path Fourier transform infrared studies of large-scale laboratory biomass fires , 1996 .

[19]  Gerald T. Fraser,et al.  The 2ν3 Band of 32S16O2: Line Positions and Intensities , 1992 .

[20]  K. Chance,et al.  Simultaneous measurements of stratospheric HOx, NOx, and Clx: Comparison with a photochemical model , 1996 .

[21]  D. D. Nelson,et al.  Diode laser spectroscopy of the ν3 vibration of the HO2 radical , 1991 .

[22]  Kenneth M. Evenson,et al.  Accurate rotational constants of CO, HCl, and HF: Spectral standards for the 0.3- to 6-THz (10- to 200-cm−1) region , 1987 .

[23]  A Goldman,et al.  AFGL trace gas compilation: 1982 version. , 1983, Applied optics.

[24]  R. L. Hawkins,et al.  Energy levels, intensities, and linewidths of atmospheric carbon dioxide bands , 1992 .

[25]  D. B. Peterson,et al.  An Empirical Expression for Line Widths of Ammonia From Far-Infrared Measurements , 1994 .

[26]  A. Goldman,et al.  HNO3 line parameters: New results and comparisons of simulations with high-resolution laboratory and atmospheric spectra , 1992 .

[27]  A Goldman,et al.  1995 Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) linelist. , 1996, Applied optics.

[28]  Robert A. Toth,et al.  nu-2 band of H2 O-16 - Line strengths and transition frequencies , 1991 .

[29]  C. Camy-Peyret,et al.  Calculated line positions and intensities for the v1 + v3 and v1 + v2 + v3 - v2 bands of 14NO2 , 1982 .

[30]  C. R. Webster,et al.  Measurements of line positions, intensities, and collisional air-broadening coefficients in the HNO3 7.5-μm band using a computer-controlled tunable diode laser spectrometer , 1989 .

[31]  Mark Z. Jacobson,et al.  A model for studying the composition and chemical effects of stratospheric aerosols , 1994 .

[32]  Dennis C. Reuter,et al.  l-Resonance Intensity Effects and Pressure Broadening of N2O at 17 μm , 1996 .

[33]  A Goldman,et al.  Infrared spectroscopic measurements of tropospheric trace gases. , 1992, Applied optics.

[34]  V. Malathy Devi,et al.  Diode laser measurements of intensities, N2-broadening, and self-broadening coefficients of lines of the ν2 band of 14N16O2 , 1981 .

[35]  Yuan-Pern Lee,et al.  Intensities of lines in the band a 1Δg (v′= 0) − X3Σ−g (v″ = 0) of 16O2 in absorption , 1992 .

[36]  Chikashi Yamada,et al.  Difference frequency laser spectroscopy of the ν1 band of the HO2 radical , 1983 .

[37]  Frank H. Murcray,et al.  A search for formic acid in the upper troposphere: A tentative identification of the 1105-cm-1 ?6 ba , 1984 .

[38]  K. Yoshino,et al.  HIGH RESOLUTION ABSORPTION CROSS SECTION MEASUREMENTS OF $SO_{2}$ AT 213 K IN THE WAVELENGTH REGION 172-240 nm , 1984 .

[39]  G. Tarrago,et al.  Absolute absorption intensities in the triad ν3, ν5, ν6 of 12CH3D at 6–10 μm , 1988 .

[40]  Jean-Marie Flaud,et al.  HNO3 LINE PARAMETERS: 1996 HITRAN UPDATE AND NEW RESULTS , 1998 .

[41]  Edward A. Cohen,et al.  Pressure broadening of ClO by N2 and O2 near 204 and 649 GHz and new frequency measurements between 632 and 725 GHz , 1994 .

[42]  Jean-Marie Flaud,et al.  The ν2 + ν3 and ν2 + ν3 − ν2 Bands of 14N16O2: Line Positions and Intensities , 1994 .

[43]  Prasad Varanasi,et al.  Thermal infrared absorption coefficients of CFC-12 at atmospheric conditions , 1994 .

[44]  Š. Urban,et al.  Analysis of high-resolution Fourier transform spectra of 14NH3 at 3.0 μm , 1989 .

[45]  E. Richard Cohen,et al.  Influence of the potential function on the determination of multipole moments from pressure‐induced far‐infrared spectra , 1977 .

[46]  V. M. Devi,et al.  Measurements of Lorentz air-broadening coefficients and relative intensities in the H(2)(16)O pure rotational and v(2) bands from long horizontal path atmospheric spectra. , 1991, Applied optics.

[47]  L. Kou,et al.  Refractive indices of water and ice in the 0.65- to 2.5-µm spectral range. , 1993, Applied optics.

[48]  Alan S. Pine,et al.  Self broadening in the v1 band of NH3 , 1993 .

[49]  Laurence S. Rothman,et al.  Total internal partition sums in the temperature range 70–3000 K: Atmospheric linear molecules , 1990 .

[50]  Chi Matsumura,et al.  Dipole moment of the HO2 radical from its microwave spectrum , 1980 .

[51]  James R. Gillis,et al.  Spectral line parameters for the A2∑-X2Π(0,0) band of OH for atmospheric and high temperatures , 1981 .

[52]  James B. Burkholder,et al.  Absorption measurements of oxygen between 330 and 1140 nm , 1990 .

[53]  D. D. Nelson,et al.  Air-Broadened Linewidth Measurements in the ν2 Vibrational Band of the Hydroperoxyl Radical , 1994 .

[54]  Francisco P. J. Valero,et al.  The absorption spectrum of CO2 around 7740 cm-1 , 1977 .

[55]  H. D. Downing,et al.  Infrared optical constants of a ternary system of 75% H 2 SO 4 , 10% HNO 3 , and 15% H 2 O , 1986 .

[56]  Francisco P. J. Valero,et al.  Measurements of nitrogen-broadened line widths of acetylene at low temperatures , 1983 .

[57]  A. Goldman,et al.  NITRIC OXIDE LINE PARAMETERS: REVIEW OF 1996 HITRAN UPDATE AND NEW RESULTS , 1998 .

[58]  J. S. Margolis,et al.  The measurement of the absorption strengths of some lines in the nu-1 plus nu-2 and nu-2 plus nu-3 bands of ammonia , 1974 .

[59]  D. Reuter,et al.  Absolute Intensities in the ? 2Fundamental of N 2O at 17 m , 1996 .

[60]  J. W. Brault,et al.  Atmospheric measurements of water vapor in the 442‐nm region , 1997 .

[61]  Brown,et al.  The Hot Bands of Methane between 5 and 10 μm , 1996, Journal of molecular spectroscopy.

[62]  John B. Nowak,et al.  Infrared spectroscopy of model tropospheric aerosols as a function of relative humidity: Observation of deliquescence and crystallization , 1997 .

[63]  Francisco P. J. Valero,et al.  Absolute intensity measurements of the CO2 bands 401III←000 and 411III←010 , 1977 .

[64]  C. P. Rinsland,et al.  Search for infrared absorption lines of atmospheric chlorine monoxide (ClO) , 1992 .

[65]  Philip D. Hammer,et al.  Infrared line intensity measurements in the v = 0–1 band of the ClO radical , 1989 .

[66]  G. Herzberg.  Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules , 1939 .

[67]  Prasad Varanasi,et al.  Absorption coefficients of CFC-11 and CFC-12 needed for atmospheric remote sensing and global warming studies , 1992 .

[68]  V. Malathy Devi,et al.  The ν2 bands of 16O17O16O and 16O16O17O: Line positions and intensities , 1991 .

[69]  R. Landshoff,et al.  Quantitative Molecular Spectroscopy and Gas Emissivities , 1959 .

[70]  K. Yoshino,et al.  High resolution absorption cross section measurements and band oscillator strengths of the (1,0)-(12,0) Schumann-Runge bands of O2 , 1983 .

[71]  F. Thibault,et al.  Infrared collision-induced absorption by O2 near 6.4 microm for atmospheric applications: measurements and empirical modeling. , 1996, Applied optics.

[72]  V. Malathy Devi,et al.  Tunable diode laser spectroscopy of NO2 at 6.2 μm , 1982 .

[73]  James Roberts,et al.  Linewidth parameters for Δ J=1, 0≤ J ≤ 43, rotational transitions of the sulfur dioxide molecule , 1973 .

[74]  Francisco P. J. Valero,et al.  Nitric-acid band intensities and band-model parameters from 610 to 1760 cm −1 , 1984 .

[75]  André Fayt,et al.  Co2-laser Saturation Stark Spectra and Global Stark Analysis of Carbonyl Sulfide , 1986 .

[76]  Smirnov,et al.  The Absorption Spectrum of H2S Between 2150 and 4260 cm-1: Analysis of the Positions and Intensities in the First (2nu2, nu1, and nu3) and Second (3nu2, nu1 + nu2, and nu2 + nu3) Triad Regions , 1997, Journal of molecular spectroscopy.

[77]  L. Frenkel,et al.  The microwave absorption by H 2 O vapor and its mixtures with other gases between 100 and 300 Gc/s , 1966 .

[78]  Michael R. Gunson,et al.  H2SO4 photolysis: A source of sulfur dioxide in the upper stratosphere , 1995 .

[79]  Johannes Orphal,et al.  Line Intensities in the 11- and 7.6-μm-Band of HNO3 , 1993 .

[80]  Zink,et al.  Improved Molecular Constants for the Ground State of HO2 , 1997, Journal of molecular spectroscopy.

[81]  Robert L. Sams,et al.  The ν1+ ν3and 2ν1+ ν3Band Systems of SO2: Line Positions and Intensities , 1996 .

[82]  M. Inguscio,et al.  Predictions for collisional broadening of far-infrared OH rotational lines of atmospheric interest. , 1987, Applied optics.

[83]  Alain Valentin,et al.  The v 3 and v 4 interacting bands of HNO3 line positions and line intensities , 1989 .

[84]  Lawrence P. Giver,et al.  Intensity measurements, self-broadening coefficients, and rotational intensity distribution for lines of the oxygen B band at 6880 A , 1974 .

[85]  A. Goldman,et al.  Line parameters for C2H6 in the 3000 cm-1 region , 1987 .

[86]  Randy D. May,et al.  Absolute linestrengths in the H2O2 v6 band , 1991 .

[87]  H. Müller,et al.  Submillimeter, millimeter, and microwave spectral line catalog. , 1985, Applied optics.

[88]  S. Tashkun,et al.  New Analysis of the Pentad System of Methane and Prediction of the (Pentad-Pentad) Spectrum , 1994 .

[89]  R. A. Sutherland,et al.  Optical Properties of Organic-based Aerosols Produced by Burning Vegetation , 1991 .

[90]  Bruno Carli,et al.  The far-infrared spectrum of hypochlorous acid, HOCl , 1990 .

[91]  D. R. Worsnop,et al.  Complex refractive indices in the infrared of nitric acid trihydrate aerosols , 1995 .

[92]  Laurence S. Rothman,et al.  IMPROVED SPECTRAL PARAMETERS FOR THE THREE MOST ABUNDANT ISOTOPOMERS OF THE OXYGEN MOLECULE , 1998 .

[93]  Ellis E. Remsberg,et al.  Stratospheric aerosol properties and their effects on infrared radiation , 1973 .

[94]  Frank J. Murcray,et al.  SPECTROSCOPIC PARAMETERS FOR OZONE AND ITS ISOTOPES: CURRENT STATUS, PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT, AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF 16O16O17O AND 16O17O16O LINES IN INFRARED GROUND-BASED AND STRATOSPHERIC SOLAR ABSORPTION SPECTRA , 1998 .

[95]  J. W. C. Johns,et al.  The spectrum of natural hydrogen sulfide between 2150 and 2950 cm−1 , 1984 .

[96]  D. Galant,et al.  The solution of coupled Schrödinger equations using an extrapolation method , 1992 .

[97]  Brenton Lewis,et al.  Oscillator strengths for the Schumam-Runge bands of 16O2 , 1986 .

[98]  W. H. Parkinson,et al.  High resolution absorption cross-section measurements of N2O at 295–299 K in the wavelength region 170–222 nm , 1984 .

[99]  H. Oelhaf,et al.  Remote sensing of vertical profiles of atmospheric trace constituents with MlPAS limb-emission spectrometers. , 1996, Applied Optics.

[100]  Alan S. Pine,et al.  Spectral intensities in the ν1 band of NH3 , 1993 .

[101]  S. Schwartz,et al.  The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program: Programmatic Background and Design of the Cloud and Radiation Test Bed , 1994 .

[102]  L. Schriver,et al.  The 7.9-μm Band of Hydrogen Peroxide: Line Positions and Intensities , 1995 .

[103]  David J. Nesbitt,et al.  Pressure broadening and collisional narrowing in OH(v=1←0) rovibrational transitions with Ar, He, O2, and N2 , 1994 .

[104]  Michael D. King,et al.  The Earth Observing System: A Space-based Program for Assessing Mankind's Impact on the Global Environment , 1995 .

[105]  Ann M. Middlebrook,et al.  Infrared optical constants of H2O ice, amorphous nitric acid solutions, and nitric acid hydrates , 1994 .

[106]  N. Authier,et al.  The 1992 Evaluation of Mass-Independent Dunham Parameters for the Ground State of CO , 1993 .

[107]  A Goldman,et al.  AFGL atmospheric absorption line parameters compilation: 1982 edition. , 1981, Applied optics.

[108]  C. H. Whitlock,et al.  Absorption of Solar Radiation by Clouds: Observations Versus Models , 1995, Science.

[109]  L. Rothman,et al.  Direct numerical diagonalization: Wave of the future , 1992 .

[110]  R. Davies,et al.  Theoretical calculations of N2-broadened halfwidths of H2O using quantum Fourier transform theory. , 1983, Applied optics.

[111]  C. B. Farmer,et al.  High resolution infrared spectroscopy of the sun and the earth's atmosphere from space , 1987 .

[112]  B. Sumpf,et al.  Self-, Air-, and Nitrogen-Broadening in the ν1Band of SO2 , 1996 .

[113]  A Roblin,et al.  Collision-induced absorption in the fundamental band of N(2): temperature dependence of the absorption for N(2)-N(2) and N(2)-O(2) pairs. , 1993, Applied optics.

[114]  W. Bell,et al.  High-resolution spectra of the ν4 band of chlorine nitrate , 1992 .

[115]  L. Coudert,et al.  Accounting for the Torsional Splitting in the ν5 and 2ν9 Bands of Nitric Acid , 1995 .

[116]  Bykov,et al.  The High-Resolution Spectrum of Water Vapor between 11 600 and 12 750 cm-1 , 1997, Journal of molecular spectroscopy.

[117]  B. Sumpf,et al.  Line broadening in the ν3 band of SO2: Studied with diode laser spectroscopy , 1992 .

[118]  Jean-Paul Champion,et al.  The GEISA system in 1996: Towards an operational tool for the second generation vertical sounders radiance simulation , 1998 .

[119]  Mark S. Zahniser,et al.  Quantitative spectroscopic studies of the hydroperoxo radical: band strength measurements for the .nu.1 and .nu.2 vibrational bands , 1989 .

[120]  M. Querry,et al.  Reflectance and complex refractive indices in the infrared for aqueous solutions of nitric acid , 1980 .

[121]  D. Goorvitch.  Infrared CO line for the X 1 Sigma(+) state , 1994 .

[122]  V. Malathy Devi,et al.  Tunable diode laser measurements of N2- and air-broadened halfwidths: lines in the (ν4+ν5)0 band of 12C2H2 near 7.4 μm , 1985 .

[123]  K. J. Ritter,et al.  High-resolution spectroscopy of the oxygen A band , 1987 .

[124]  S. Sander,et al.  Calculated hydroxyl A2 sigma --> X2 pi (0, 0) band emission rate factors applicable to atmospheric spectroscopy. , 1997, Journal of quantitative spectroscopy & radiative transfer.

[125]  David Crisp,et al.  Near-infrared light from Venus' nightside - A spectroscopic analysis , 1993 .

[126]  D. R. Worsnop,et al.  FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF WATER ICE OBTAINED DIRECTLY FROM AEROSOL EXTINCTION SPECTRA , 1995 .

[127]  Samuel D. Gasster,et al.  Foreign-gas collision broadening of the far-infrared spectrum of water vapor , 1988 .

[128]  Doran J. Baker,et al.  Decay of O2(a¹Δg) in the evening twilight airglow: Implications for the radiative lifetime , 1996 .

[129]  A. Goldman,et al.  IMPROVED VIBRATION–ROTATION (0–1) HBr LINE PARAMETERS FOR VALIDATING HIGH RESOLUTION INFRARED ATMOSPHERIC SPECTRA MEASUREMENTS , 1998 .

[130]  Kenneth M. Evenson,et al.  Laser magnetic resonance measurement of rotational transitions in the metastable a1Δg state of oxygen , 1981 .

[131]  Steven T. Massie,et al.  Indices of refraction for the hitran compilation , 1994 .

[132]  André Fayt,et al.  Sensitive overtone spectroscopy of carbonyl sulfide between 6130 and 6650 cm(-1) and at 12000 cm(-1) , 1996 .

[133]  Jean-Marie Flaud,et al.  Infrared nitrogen dioxide: Line parameters in the HITRAN database , 1992 .

[134]  Robert R. Gamache,et al.  Collisional broadening of water vapor lines—I. A survey of experimental results , 1994 .

[135]  A. S. Pine,et al.  N2 and air broadening in the fundamental bands of HF and HCl , 1987 .

[136]  K. Chance,et al.  The smithsonian astrophysical observatory database SAO92 , 1994 .

[137]  A. Goldman,et al.  Updated line parameters for OH X2II–X2II (ν′',ν′) Transitions , 1998 .

[138]  Hans-Joachim Werner,et al.  Ab initio calculations of radiative transition probabilities in the X1Σ+ ground state of the NO+ ion , 1982 .

[139]  P L Roney,et al.  Transmission window near 2400 cm(-1): an experimental and modeling study. , 1991, Applied optics.

[140]  Curtis P. Rinsland,et al.  Stratospheric infrared continuum absorptions observed by the ATMOS instrument , 1989 .

[141]  Guy Guelachvili,et al.  A Reanalysis of the (010), (020), (100), and (001) Rotational Levels of 32S16O2 , 1993 .

[142]  Frank J. Murcray,et al.  Stratospheric measurements of collision‐induced absorption by molecular oxygen , 1982 .

[143]  Kenneth M. Evenson,et al.  Pressure broadening of the 83.869 cm−1 rotational lines of OH by N2, O2, H2, and He , 1999 .

[144]  William G. Read,et al.  Validation of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder ClO measurements , 1996 .

[145]  F. Stoeckel,et al.  Intensity measurements and self-broadening coefficients in the γ band of O2 at 628 nm using intracavity laser-absorption spectroscopy (ICLAS) , 1985 .

[146]  Laurent H. Coudert,et al.  Λ-Splittings and Line Intensities in the 2 ← 1 Hot Band of Nitric Oxide , 1994 .

[147]  Stanley C. Solomon,et al.  Absorption of solar radiation by water vapor, oxygen, and related collision pairs in the Earth's atmosphere , 1998 .

[148]  Kwangjai Park,et al.  The Far-Infrared Spectrum of HI , 1993 .

[149]  Philip D. Hammer,et al.  Infrared measurements of the ClO radical , 1987 .

[150]  V. Malathy Devi,et al.  Line parameters for ozone hot bands in the 4.8-μm spectral region , 1990 .

[151]  Manuel López-Puertas,et al.  Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium studies of the 15-μm bands of CO2 for atmospheric remote sensing , 1993 .

[152]  V. Oinas,et al.  Atmospheric Radiation , 1963, Nature.

[153]  A Goldman,et al.  Line parameters for the atmospheric band system of OH. , 1982, Applied optics.

[154]  S. C. Hill,et al.  Light Scattering by Particles: Computational Methods , 1990 .

[155]  Wetzel,et al.  Line Intensities for the 8-µm Bands of SO2 , 1998, Journal of molecular spectroscopy.

[156]  M. Rao,et al.  High-resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy of the Meinel system of OH , 1994 .

[157]  V. Nemtchinov,et al.  Spectral absorption-coefficient data on HCFC-22 and SF6 for remote-sensing applications , 1994 .

[158]  André Fayt,et al.  Intracavity CO laser Stark spectroscopy of the ν3 band of carbonyl sulfide , 1991 .

[159]  C. Bohren,et al.  An introduction to atmospheric radiation , 1981 .

[160]  Laurence S. Rothman,et al.  HIGH-TEMPERATURE SPECTRUM OF H2O IN THE 720–1400cm-1 REGION , 1998 .

[161]  Giovanni Buffa,et al.  N2, O2, H2, Ar and He broadening in the ν1 band of NH3 , 1993 .

[162]  Manfred Winnewisser,et al.  Line Intensities in the Far-Infrared Spectrum of H2O2 , 1996 .

[163]  Sumner P. Davis,et al.  Rovibrational intensities and electric dipole moment function of the X2Π hydroxyl radical , 1992 .

[164]  T. L. Tan,et al.  Infrared Analysis of the Anharmonic Resonance between ν8+ ν9and the Dark State ν6+ ν7of HNO3☆ , 1997 .

[165]  V. Malathy Devi,et al.  Measurements of pressure broadening and pressure shifting by nitrogen in the 4.3-μm band of 12C16O2 , 1992 .

[166]  R. J. Knight,et al.  Water vapour absorption near a wavelength of 0·79 mm , 1969 .

[167]  Frank H. Murcray,et al.  Mt. Pinatubo SO2 column measurements from Mauna Loa , 1992 .

[168]  Lawrence P. Giver,et al.  The Rovibrational Intensities of the (4001) ← (0000) Pentad Absorption Bands of12C16O2between 7284 and 7921 cm−1 , 1996 .

[169]  Gail P. Anderson,et al.  Polynomial coefficients for calculating O2 Schumann-Runge cross sections at 0.5 cm - 1 resolution , 1992 .

[170]  James B. Burkholder,et al.  Improved line parameters for the X2∏-X2∏ (1-0) bands of 35ClO and 37ClO , 1994 .

[171]  Laurent H. Coudert,et al.  THE SPECTRUM OF NITRIC OXIDE BETWEEN 1700 AND 2100 CM-1 , 1995 .

[172]  G. E. Becker,et al.  Water Vapor Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Centimeter Wave-Length Range , 1946 .

[173]  K. F. Palmer,et al.  Optical constants of sulfuric Acid; application to the clouds of venus? , 1975, Applied optics.

[174]  Jack S. Margolis,et al.  Empirical line parameters of NH3 from 4791 to 5294 cm−1 , 1996 .

[175]  G. D. T. Tejwani,et al.  Calculation of Pressure‐Broadened Linewidths of SO2 and NO2 , 1972 .

[176]  Makiko Sato,et al.  Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruption , 1992 .

[177]  J.-Y. Mandin,et al.  The {ν1+ 2ν2, ν1+ ν3} Bands of14N16O2: Line Positions and Intensities; Line Intensities in the ν1+ ν2+ ν3− ν2Hot Band , 1997 .

[178]  Laurence S. Rothman,et al.  Temperature dependence of N2-broadened halfwidths of water vapor: The pure rotation and ν2 bands , 1988 .

[179]  David J. Nesbitt,et al.  The Einstein Coefficient for spontaneous emission of the O2 (a¹Δg) state , 1995 .

[180]  B. Sumpf,et al.  Self- and Air-Broadening in the ν3Band of SO2 , 1996 .

[181]  Justus Notholt,et al.  Total column densities of tropospheric and stratospheric trace gases in the undisturbed Arctic summer atmosphere , 1995 .

[182]  Robert A. Toth,et al.  Transition frequencies and absolute strengths of H2 O-17 and H2 O-18 in the 6.2-micron region , 1992 .

[183]  John J. Orlando,et al.  Temperature dependence of the infrared absorption cross sections of carbon tetrachloride , 1992 .

[184]  Thomas M. Goyette,et al.  The pressure broadening of SO2 by N2, O2, He, and H2 between 90 and 500 K , 1996 .

[185]  J. Vander Auwera,et al.  High-resolution investigation of the far-infrared spectrum of formic acid , 1992 .

[186]  J. Lennard-jones,et al.  Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure , 1929, Nature.

[187]  Jean-Marie Flaud,et al.  Infrared spectroscopic parameters of COF2, SF6, ClO, N2, and O2 , 1992 .

[188]  John A. Nelder,et al.  A Simplex Method for Function Minimization , 1965, Comput. J..

[189]  M. Coffey,et al.  Airborne observations of SO2, HCl, and O3 in the stratospheric plume of the Pinatubo Volcano in July 1991 , 1992 .

[190]  D. Galant,et al.  Schrödinger's radial equation: Solution by extrapolation , 1992 .

[191]  Paul H. Krupenie.  The Spectrum of Molecular Oxygen , 1972 .

[192]  Steven M. George,et al.  Refractive Indices of Amorphous and Crystalline HNO3/H2O Films Representative of Polar Stratospheric Clouds , 1994 .

[193]  Manfred Birk,et al.  Experimental line strengths of the ClO fundamental , 1997 .

[194]  David A. Newnham,et al.  Infrared absorption cross-sections and integrated absorption intensities of HFC-134 and HFC-143a vapour , 1998 .

[195]  Brian J. Kerridge,et al.  Evidence From the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere for nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium in the v2 mode of mesospheric water vapour and the ν3 mode of stratospheric nitrogen dioxide , 1989 .

[196]  J. A. Coxon,et al.  Rotational analysis of hydroxyl vibration–rotation emission bands: Molecular constants for OH X2Π, 6 ≤ ν ≤ 10 , 1982 .

[197]  Johannes Orphal,et al.  High‐resolution absorption cross sections of chlorine nitrate in the ν2 band region around 1292 cm−1 at stratospheric temperatures , 1994 .

[198]  Frank J. Murcray,et al.  High resolution studies of heavy NOy molecules in atmospheric spectra , 1994 .

[199]  S F Gosse,et al.  Imaginary part of the refractive index of sulfates and nitrates in the 0.7-2.6-microm spectral region. , 1997, Applied optics.

[200]  Laurence S. Rothman,et al.  Infrared energy levels and intensities of carbon dioxide—II , 1981 .

[201]  David W. Rusch,et al.  Microwave observations and modeling of O2(1Δg) and O3 diurnal variation in the mesosphere , 1997 .

[202]  Kenneth M. Evenson,et al.  Pressure broadening of the 118.455 cm−1 rotational lines of OH by H2, He, N2, and O2 , 1991 .

[203]  Jean-Paul Champion,et al.  The High Resolution Infrared Spectrum of CH3D in the Region 900–1700 cm−1 , 1997 .

[204]  Frank P. Billingsley,et al.  Calculation of the absolute infrared intensities for the 0−1, 0−2 and 1−2 vibration-rotation transitions in the ground state of no+☆ , 1973 .

[205]  A. Goldman,et al.  Absorption parameters of very dense molecular spectra for the HITRAN compilation , 1992 .

[206]  Laurence S. Rothman,et al.  Determination of vibrational energy levels and parallel band intensities of 12C16O2 by Direct Numerical Diagonalization , 1986 .

[207]  William E. Blass,et al.  An infrared study of the bending region of acetylene , 1991 .

[208]  David Crisp,et al.  The deep atmosphere of Venus revealed by high-resolution nightside spectra , 1990, Nature.

[209]  A Goldman,et al.  The HITRAN database: 1986 edition. , 1987, Applied optics.

[210]  Š. Urban,et al.  Analysis of high-resolution Fourier transform spectra of 14NH3 at 2.3 μm , 1989 .

[211]  M. R. Gunson,et al.  Identification of the HNO3 3v9-v9 band Q branch in stratospheric solar occultation spectra , 1994 .

[212]  Liang-Bih Lin,et al.  Linestrengths of the band a1Δg(v' = 0)-X<3Σ-g(v'' = 0) of 16O2 , 1988 .

[213]  A. Goldman,et al.  Temperature-dependent infrared cross sections for CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-13, CFC-14, CFC-22, CFC-113, CFC-114, and CFC-115. Technical report , 1991 .

[214]  Richard M. Badger,et al.  Absolute Intensities of the Discrete and Continuous Absorption Bands of Oxygen Gas at 1.26 and 1.065 μ and the Radiative Lifetime of the 1Δg State of Oxygen , 1965 .

[215]  J. S. Margolis,et al.  THE MEASUREMENT OF THE ABSORPTION STRENGTHS OF SOME LINES IN THE $\nu_{1} + \nu_{2}$ AND $\nu_{2} +\nu_{3} $ BANDS OF AMMONIA , 1973 .

[216]  M. Querry,et al.  Optical Constants of Water in the Infrared , 1971 .

[217]  Curtis P. Rinsland,et al.  Seasonal cycle and secular trend of the total and tropospheric column abundance of ethane above the Jungfraujoch , 1991 .

[218]  V. M. Devi,et al.  THE HITRAN MOLECULAR DATABASE: EDITIONS OF 1991 AND 1992 , 1992 .

[219]  L. Coudert,et al.  Torsional Splitting in the ν9Band of Nitric Acid , 1996 .

[220]  A. Jursa,et al.  Handbook of geophysics and the space environment , 1985 .

[221]  W. J. Lafferty,et al.  Torsional Splittings and Assignments of the Doppler-Limited Spectrum of Ethane in the C-H Stretching Region. , 1982, Journal of research of the National Bureau of Standards.

[222]  M. Chipperfield,et al.  Measurements of stratospheric chlorine monoxide (ClO) from groudbased FTIR observations , 1996 .

[223]  David J. Nesbitt,et al.  H+O3 Fourier‐transform infrared emission and laser absorption studies of OH (X 2Π) radical: An experimental dipole moment function and state‐to‐state Einstein A coefficients , 1990 .

[224]  L. H. Coudert,et al.  Analysis of the Line Positions and Line Intensities in the ν2Band of the Water Molecule , 1997 .

[225]  Robert H. Hunt,et al.  Lines intensities of the CO2 Σ-Σ bands in the 1.43–1.65 μ region , 1971 .

[226]  B. Draine,et al.  Discrete-Dipole Approximation For Scattering Calculations , 1994 .

[227]  D. Bastard,et al.  Determination of mean collision cross sections of free radical OH with foreign gases , 1979 .

[228]  Robert A. Toth,et al.  High-resolution measurements and analysis of 14 N 16 O 2 in the (001)-(000) and (011)-(010) bands , 1992 .

[229]  Frank J. Murcray,et al.  Observed atmospheric collision‐induced absorption in near‐infrared oxygen bands , 1998 .

[230]  David Crisp,et al.  The Infrared Spectrum of H2S From 1 to 5 Microns , 1994 .

[231]  Brenton Lewis,et al.  Pressure-broadening in the Schumann-Runge bands of molecular oxygen , 1988 .

[232]  S. Bouazza,et al.  The 3?1 and ?1 + 3?3 - ?2 Absorption Bands of 16O3 , 1993 .

[233]  Frank J. Murcray,et al.  The ν2 and 2ν2 - ν2 bands of 14N 16O2: Electron Spin-Rotation and Hyperfine Contact Resonances in the (010) Vibrational State , 1993 .

[234]  Johannes Orphal,et al.  ClONO2: SPECTROSCOPIC LINE PARAMETERS AND CROSS-SECTIONS IN 1996 HITRAN , 1998 .

[235]  R. H. Tipping,et al.  Vibration-rotational and rotational intensities for CO isotopes , 1983 .

[236]  Hermann Oelhaf,et al.  Remote sensing of vertical profiles of atmospheric trace constituents with MIPAS limb emission spectrometers , 1998, Asia-Pacific Environmental Remote Sensing.

[237]  André Fayt,et al.  Global Rovibrational Analysis of Carbonyl Sulfide , 1986 .

[238]  R. E. Bumgarner,et al.  High-resolution spectroscopy of the ?6 and ?8 bands of formic acid , 1988 .

[239]  C. B. Farmer,et al.  Improved Dunham coefficients for CO from infrared solar lines of high rotational excitation , 1991 .