Frequent inter-species transmission and geographic subdivision in avian influenza viruses from wild birds.

Revealing the factors that shape the genetic structure of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in wild bird populations is essential to understanding their evolution. However, the relationship between epidemiological dynamics and patterns of genetic diversity in AIV is not well understood, especially at the continental scale. To address this question, we undertook a phylogeographic analysis of complete genome sequences of AIV sampled from wild birds in North America. In particular, we asked whether host species, geographic location or sampling time played the major role in shaping patterns of viral genetic diversity. Strikingly, our analysis revealed no strong species effect, yet a significant viral clustering by time and place of sampling, as well as the circulation of multiple viral lineages in single locations. These results suggest that AIVs can readily infect many of the bird species that share breeding/feeding areas.

[1]  O. Pybus,et al.  Viral gene sequences reveal the variable history of hepatitis C virus infection among countries. , 2004, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[2]  D. Stallknecht,et al.  Avian influenza viruses from migratory and resident ducks of coastal Louisiana. , 1990, Avian diseases.

[3]  S. Baird,et al.  The birds of North America , 1974 .

[4]  Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus,et al.  Characterization of a Novel Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Subtype (H16) Obtained from Black-Headed Gulls , 2005, Journal of Virology.

[5]  J. Rappole,et al.  Evolution of old and new world migration systems , 2003 .

[6]  Michael P. Cummings,et al.  PAUP* [Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and Other Methods)] , 2004 .

[7]  David Posada,et al.  MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution , 1998, Bioinform..

[8]  R. Webster,et al.  Perpetuation of influenza A viruses in Alaskan waterfowl reservoirs , 2005, Archives of Virology.

[9]  A. Osterhaus,et al.  Global Patterns of Influenza A Virus in Wild Birds , 2006, Science.

[10]  K. Winker,et al.  Movements of Birds and Avian Influenza from Asia into Alaska , 2007, Emerging infectious diseases.

[11]  J. V. van Gils,et al.  Hampered Foraging and Migratory Performance in Swans Infected with Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus , 2007, PloS one.

[12]  Cecile Viboud,et al.  Phylogenetic Analysis Reveals the Global Migration of Seasonal Influenza A Viruses , 2007, PLoS pathogens.

[13]  Edward C Holmes,et al.  Avian influenza virus exhibits rapid evolutionary dynamics. , 2006, Molecular biology and evolution.

[14]  D. Stallknecht,et al.  Avian Influenza Viruses in Minnesota Ducks During 1998–2000 , 2003, Avian diseases.

[15]  Clayton W Naeve,et al.  Influenza in Migratory Birds and Evidence of Limited Intercontinental Virus Exchange , 2007, PLoS pathogens.

[16]  W. J. Bean,et al.  Intestinal influenza: Replication and characterization of influenza viruses in ducks , 1978, Virology.

[17]  Colin A. Russell,et al.  The Global Circulation of Seasonal Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses , 2008, Science.

[18]  R. Webster,et al.  Novel influenza A viruses isolated from Canadian feral ducks: including strains antigenically related to swine influenza (Hsw1N1) viruses. , 1978, The Journal of general virology.

[19]  A. Osterhaus,et al.  Spatial, Temporal, and Species Variation in Prevalence of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Migratory Birds , 2007, PLoS pathogens.

[20]  R. Webster,et al.  Influenza A viruses of migrating wild aquatic birds in North America. , 2004, Vector borne and zoonotic diseases.

[21]  Jonathan A. Runstadler,et al.  The Evolutionary Genetics and Emergence of Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds , 2008, PLoS pathogens.

[22]  M. E. Phillips.  The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia , 1953 .

[23]  C. Perrins,et al.  Birds of the Western Palearctic , 1978, Nature.

[24]  Robert C. Edgar,et al.  MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. , 2004, Nucleic acids research.

[25]  C. Viboud,et al.  Explorer The genomic and epidemiological dynamics of human influenza A virus , 2016 .

[26]  A. Møller,et al.  Prevalence of avian influenza and host ecology , 2007, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[27]  E. Holmes,et al.  Ecology and evolution of rabies virus in Europe. , 1999, The Journal of general virology.