The recycling of marine carbonates and sources of HIMU and FOZO ocean island basalts

© 2014 Elsevier B.V. Many, and perhaps all, oceanic island basalts (OIB) clearly contain a component of crustal materials that have been returned to the mantle through subduction or other processes. One of the first recycled materials to be identified as a potential source of OIB was mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), and this was later fine-tuned as having a long time-integrated (b.y.) high U/Pb ratio or high μ (HIMU) and producing OIB with the most radiogenic Pb isotopic ratios (206Pb/204Pb>20). However, it is becoming more evident that the compositional connection between subducted MORB and HIMU basalts is problematic. As an alternative hypothesis, a small amount (a few %) of recycled Archaean marine carbonates (primarily CaCO3) is proposed to be the main source of the distinct 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic and major-trace element compositions of classic HIMU and post-Archaean marine carbonates for younger HIMU or the so-called FOZO mantle source. As an extension of the hypothesis, a conceptual model that combines the separate evolutionary histories of ancient oceanic lithosphere, which is the source of OIB, and upper mantle, which is the source of MORB, is also proposed. The model claims that FOZO mainly consists of the lithospheric mantle portion of the ancient metamorphosed oceanic slabs that have accumulated in the deep mantle. Such an ultramafic source is geochemically depleted due to prior extraction of basaltic melt plus removal of the enriched subduction component from the slab through dehydration and metamorphic processes. Combined with other proposed models in the literature, the conceptual model can provide reasonable solutions for the 208Pb/204Pb, 143Nd/144Nd, 176Hf/177Hf, and 3He/4He isotopic paradoxes or complexities of oceanic lavas. Although these simultaneous solutions for individual paradoxes are qualitative and non-unique, these are unified under a single, marine carbonate recycling hypothesis.

[1]  A. Hofmann,et al.  Early crust on top of the Earth''s core: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors , 2005 .

[2]  Hubert Staudigel,et al.  The return of subducted continental crust in Samoan lavas , 2007, Nature.

[3]  Katsuhiko Suzuki,et al.  Geochemical characteristics and origin of the HIMU reservoir: A possible mantle plume source in the lower mantle , 2011 .

[4]  A. Basu,et al.  Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code: Basu/Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code , 1996 .

[5]  M. Schmidt,et al.  Melting of carbonated pelites at 8–13 GPa: generating K-rich carbonatites for mantle metasomatism , 2011 .

[6]  S. Galer,et al.  Residence time of thorium, uranium and lead in the mantle with implications for mantle convection , 1985, Nature.

[7]  J. Woodhead,et al.  A primordial solar-neon enriched component in the source of EM-I-type ocean island basalts from the Pitcairn Seamounts, Polynesia , 2005 .

[8]  N. Rogers,et al.  Continental mantle lithosphere, and shallow level enrichment processes in the Earth's mantle , 1990 .

[9]  William M. White,et al.  Oceanic Island Basalts and Mantle Plumes: The Geochemical Perspective , 2010 .

[10]  A. Kerr,et al.  Depleted mantle-plume geochemical signatures: No paradox for plume theories , 1995 .

[11]  G. Shimoda,et al.  High μ (HIMU) ocean island basalts in southern Polynesia: New evidence for whole mantle scale recycling of subducted oceanic crust , 1997 .

[12]  A. Hofmann,et al.  himu-em: The French Polynesian connection , 1992 .

[13]  E. Stolper,et al.  Metasomatized Lithosphere and the Origin of Alkaline Lavas , 2008, Science.

[14]  C. Hawkesworth,et al.  143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr ratios from the Azores and their significance in LIL-element enriched mantle , 1979, Nature.

[15]  M. Whitehouse,et al.  Anomalous sulphur isotopes in plume lavas reveal deep mantle storage of Archaean crust , 2013, Nature.

[16]  S. Clark,et al.  Primary carbonatite melt from deeply subducted oceanic crust , 2008, Nature.

[17]  A. Hofmann,et al.  FOZO, HIMU, and the rest of the mantle zoo , 2005 .

[18]  T. Elliott,et al.  The evolution of He Isotopes in the convecting mantle and the preservation of high 3He/4He ratios , 2008 .

[19]  A. Hofmann,et al.  Displaced helium and carbon in the Hawaiian plume , 2011 .

[20]  K. Hattori,et al.  Geochemistry of subduction zone serpentinites: A review , 2013 .

[21]  M. Jackson,et al.  Compositions of HIMU, EM1, and EM2 from global trends between radiogenic isotopes and major elements in ocean island basalts , 2008 .

[22]  K. Grönvold,et al.  Extreme 3He/4He ratios in northwest Iceland: constraining the common component in mantle plumes , 1999 .

[23]  D. Hilton,et al.  Trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry of Rungwe Volcanic Province, Tanzania: implications for a Superplume source for East Africa Rift magmatism , 2014, Front. Earth Sci..

[24]  B. Kamber,et al.  Applications of accurate, high-precision Pb isotope ratio measurement by multi-collector ICP-MS , 2002 .

[25]  T. Pettke,et al.  Trace element signature of subduction-zone fluids, melts and supercritical liquids at 120–180 km depth , 2005, Nature.

[26]  S. Nakano,et al.  Trace element transport during dehydration processes in the subducted oceanic crust: 1. Experiments and implications for the origin of ocean island basalts , 1997 .

[27]  C. Vollmer,et al.  Carbonates from the lower part of transition zone or even the lower mantle , 2007 .

[28]  K. Farley,et al.  Recycled metasomatized lithosphere as the origin of the Enriched Mantle II (EM2) end‐member: Evidence from the Samoan Volcanic Chain , 2004 .

[29]  R. Batiza,et al.  Geochemistry of near-EPR seamounts: importance of source vs. process and the origin of enriched mantle component , 2002 .

[30]  D. Clague,et al.  Ancient carbonate sedimentary signature in the Hawaiian plume: Evidence from Mahukona volcano, Hawaii , 2009 .

[31]  C. Allègre.  Comportement Des Systemes U-Th-Pb Dans Le Manteau Superieur Et Modele d'Evolution De Ce Dernier Au Cours Des Temps Geologiques , 1968 .

[32]  M. Kurz,et al.  Globally elevated titanium, tantalum, and niobium (TITAN) in ocean island basalts with high 3He/4He , 2008 .

[33]  F. Mackenzie,et al.  Evolution of sedimentary rocks , 1971 .

[34]  R. Wieler,et al.  Noble Gases : In Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry , 2002 .

[35]  B. Kamber,et al.  Geochemistry of late Archaean stromatolites from Zimbabwe: evidence for microbial life in restricted epicontinental seas , 2004 .

[36]  C. Henderson.  Radiogenic Isotope Geology , 1997 .

[37]  Michelle C. Tappert,et al.  Deep mantle diamonds from South Australia: a record of Pacific subduction at the Gondwanan margin , 2009 .

[38]  F. Stuart,et al.  High 3He/4He ratios in picritic basalts from Baffin Island and the role of a mixed reservoir in mantle plumes , 2003, Nature.

[39]  K. Collerson,et al.  Origin of HIMU and EM-1 domains sampled by ocean island basalts, kimberlites and carbonatites: The role of CO2-fluxed lower mantle melting in thermochemical upwellings , 2010 .

[40]  B. Hanan,et al.  Lead and Helium Isotope Evidence from Oceanic Basalts for a Common Deep Source of Mantle Plumes , 1996, Science.

[41]  M. Thirlwall.  Pb isotopic and elemental evidence for OIB derivation from young HIMU mantle , 1997 .

[42]  P. Castillo.  The Dupal anomaly as a trace of the upwelling lower mantle , 1988, Nature.

[43]  A. Nyblade,et al.  Mantle structure beneath Africa and Arabia from adaptively parameterized P-wave tomography: Implications for the origin of Cenozoic Afro-Arabian tectonism , 2012 .

[44]  J. Blundy,et al.  SIMS determination of trace element partition coefficients between garnet, clinopyroxene and hydrous basaltic liquids at 2–7.5 GPa and 1080–1200°C , 2000 .

[45]  S. Hart,et al.  Fluid dynamic and geochemical aspects of entrainment in mantle plumes , 1994 .

[46]  A. Rohrbach,et al.  Redox freezing and melting in the Earth’s deep mantle resulting from carbon–iron redox coupling , 2011, Nature.

[47]  T. Elliott,et al.  EXPLORING THE KAPPA CONUNDRUM : THE ROLE OF RECYCLING IN THE LEAD ISOTOPE EVOLUTION OF THE MANTLE , 1999 .

[48]  D. Shaw.  Trace element fractionation during anatexis , 1970 .

[49]  A. Kavner,et al.  Dolomite III: A new candidate lower mantle carbonate , 2011 .

[50]  S. Hart,et al.  Mantle Plumes and Entrainment: Isotopic Evidence , 1992, Science.

[51]  S. Goldstein,et al.  Evolution of helium isotopes in the Earth's mantle , 2005, Nature.

[52]  W. White,et al.  Deep mantle subduction flux , 2009 .

[53]  W. McDonough,et al.  Contrasting old and young volcanism in Rurutu Island, Austral chain , 1997 .

[54]  F. Albarède.  Rogue Mantle Helium and Neon , 2007, Science.

[55]  S. Goldstein,et al.  Influence of Accretion on Lead in the Earth , 2013 .

[56]  M. Hirschmann,et al.  Carbon-dioxide-rich silicate melt in the Earth’s upper mantle , 2013, Nature.

[57]  D. Graham.  Noble Gas Isotope Geochemistry of Mid-Ocean Ridge and Ocean Island Basalts: Characterization of Mantle Source Reservoirs , 2002 .

[58]  B. Dupré,et al.  A coherent crust-mantle model for the uranium-thorium-lead isotopic system , 1988 .

[59]  M. Schmidt,et al.  The Melting of Carbonated Pelites from 70 to 700 km Depth , 2011 .

[60]  S. Hart,et al.  The hafnium paradox and the role of garnet in the source of mid-ocean-ridge basalts , 1989, Nature.

[61]  Yaoling Niu,et al.  Origin of ocean island basalts: A new perspective from petrology, geochemistry, and mineral physics considerations , 2003 .

[62]  M. Kurz,et al.  Mantle deformation and noble gases: Helium and neon in oceanic mylonites , 2009 .

[63]  P. Patchett,et al.  Hafnium isotope variations in oceanic basalts , 1980 .

[64]  R. Dasgupta,et al.  Reaction between MORB-eclogite derived melts and fertile peridotite and generation of ocean island basalts , 2012 .

[65]  M. Hirschmann,et al.  Immiscible Transition from Carbonate-rich to Silicate-rich Melts in the 3 GPa Melting Interval of Eclogite + CO2 and Genesis of Silica-undersaturated Ocean Island Lavas , 2006 .

[66]  B. Bourdon,et al.  Non-chondritic Sm/Nd ratio in the terrestrial planets: Consequences for the geochemical evolution of the mantle–crust system , 2010 .

[67]  Z. Sharp,et al.  Carbonate dissolution during subduction revealed by diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps , 2011 .

[68]  E. Garnero.  Heterogeneity of the Lowermost Mantle , 2000 .

[69]  D. Green,et al.  Carbonatite metasomatism in the southeastern Australian lithosphere , 1998 .

[70]  G. Wasserburg,et al.  238U234U230Th232Th systematics and the precise measurement of time over the past 500,000 years , 1987 .

[71]  D. Garbe‐Schönberg,et al.  Geochemistry of oceanic carbonatites compared with continental carbonatites: mantle recycling of oceanic crustal carbonate , 2002 .

[72]  Albrecht W. Hofmann,et al.  3.3 – Sampling Mantle Heterogeneity through Oceanic Basalts: Isotopes and Trace Elements , 2014 .

[73]  W. White,et al.  HF ISOTOPE CONSTRAINTS ON MANTLE EVOLUTION , 1998 .

[74]  W. Westrenen,et al.  Coupled Hf-Nd-Pb isotope co-variations of HIMU oceanic island basalts from Mangaia, Cook-Austral islands, suggest an Archean source component in the mantle transition zone , 2013 .

[75]  S. Eggins,et al.  Subduction zone magmatism , 1995 .

[76]  G. Faure.  Principles of isotope geology , 1977 .

[77]  S. H. Richardson,et al.  Evidence from kimberlitic zircon for a decreasing mantle Th/U since the Archean , 2005 .