Commentary: the concept of 'Mendelian Randomization'.

[1]  John S Witte,et al.  Point: population stratification: a problem for case-control studies of candidate-gene associations? , 2002, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[2]  P. Brennan,et al.  Gene-environment interaction and aetiology of cancer: what does it mean and how can we measure it? , 2002, Carcinogenesis.

[3]  S. Ebrahim,et al.  'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? , 2003, International journal of epidemiology.

[4]  Nathaniel Rothman,et al.  Counterpoint: bias from population stratification is not a major threat to the validity of conclusions from epidemiological studies of common polymorphisms and cancer. , 2002, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[5]  Muin J Khoury,et al.  Mendelian randomisation: a new spin or real progress? , 2003, The Lancet.

[6]  W. Ewens,et al.  Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium: the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). , 1993, American journal of human genetics.

[7]  D.Sc. Joseph Berkson.  Are there Two Regressions , 1950 .

[8]  D. Girelli,et al.  A common mutation in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene affects genomic DNA methylation through an interaction with folate status , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[9]  Daniel Rabinowitz,et al.  A Unified Approach to Adjusting Association Tests for Population Admixture with Arbitrary Pedigree Structure and Arbitrary Missing Marker Information , 2000, Human Heredity.

[10]  D. Thomas,et al.  Exposure measurement error: influence on exposure-disease. Relationships and methods of correction. , 1993, Annual review of public health.

[11]  W James Gauderman,et al.  Sample size requirements for matched case‐control studies of gene–environment interaction , 2002, Statistics in medicine.

[12]  N M Laird,et al.  Family-based tests of association and linkage that use unaffected sibs, covariates, and interactions. , 2000, American journal of human genetics.

[13]  David Clayton,et al.  Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases , 2001, The Lancet.

[14]  A. Whittemore,et al.  Tests for genetic association using family data , 2002, Genetic epidemiology.

[15]  P. McKeigue,et al.  For Personal Use. Only Reproduce with Permission from the Lancet Publishing Group. Problems of Reporting Genetic Associations with Complex Outcomes , 2022 .

[16]  L. Stefanski,et al.  Instrumental Variable Estimation in Generalized Linear Measurement Error Models , 1996 .

[17]  M. B. Katan,et al.  Apolipoprotein E isoforms, serum cholesterol, and cancer , 2004 .

[18]  K. Buetow,et al.  The use of common genetic polymorphisms to enhance the epidemiologic study of environmental carcinogens. , 2001, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[19]  K. Liang,et al.  On estimating HLA/disease association with application to a study of aplastic anemia. , 1991, Biometrics.

[20]  Sarah Parish,et al.  Plasma fibrinogen and fibrinogen genotypes in 4685 cases of myocardial infarction and in 6002 controls: Test of causality by "Mendelian randomisation" , 2000 .

[21]  J. Pearl.  Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference , 2000 .

[22]  L. Cardon,et al.  Population stratification and spurious allelic association , 2003, The Lancet.

[23]  D. Curtis,et al.  Use of siblings as controls in case‐control association studies , 1997, Annals of human genetics.

[24]  Philip G. Wright,et al.  The tariff on animal and vegetable oils , 1928 .

[25]  Zhoutao Chen,et al.  Effects of common polymorphisms on the properties of recombinant human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[26]  Bernard Keavney,et al.  Genetic epidemiological studies of coronary heart disease. , 2002, International journal of epidemiology.