Parallel flow measurements in microstructures by use of a multifocal 4 x 1 diffractive optical fan-out element.

We have developed a multifocal optical fluorescence correlation spectroscopy system for parallel flow analyses. Multifocal excitation was made possible through a 4 x 1 diffractive optical fan-out element, which produces uniform intensity in all four foci. Autocorrelation flow analyses inside a 20 microm x 20 microm square microchannel, with the 4 x 1 fan-out foci perpendicular to the flow direction, made it possible to monitor different flows in all four foci simultaneously. We were able to perform cross-correlation flow analyses by turning the microstructure, thereby having all four foci parallel to the direction of flow. Transport effects of the diffusion as a function of flow and distance could then also be studied.

[1]  J. Allen Cox,et al.  Process error limitations on binary optics performance , 1991, Optics & Photonics.

[2]  J Bengtsson.  Design of fan-out kinoforms in the entire scalar diffraction regime with an optimal-rotation-angle method. , 1997, Applied optics.

[3]  E. Winzeler,et al.  Genomics, gene expression and DNA arrays , 2000, Nature.

[4]  C. Nusbaum,et al.  Large-scale identification, mapping, and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome. , 1998, Science.

[5]  R. Rigler,et al.  Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy , 2001 .

[6]  Ke-Qing Xia,et al.  Dual-beam incoherent cross-correlation spectroscopy , 1995 .

[7]  Andrew J. Waddie,et al.  Design and fabrication of diffractive optical elements , 1997 .

[8]  Hans Blom,et al.  Parallel fluorescence detection of single biomolecules in microarrays by a diffractive-optical-designed 2 x 2 fan-out element. , 2002, Applied optics.

[9]  R. Rigler,et al.  Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with high count rate and low background: analysis of translational diffusion , 1993, European Biophysics Journal.

[10]  David R. Walt,et al.  Bead-based Fiber-Optic Arrays , 2000, Science.

[11]  Ronald W. Davis,et al.  Quantitative Monitoring of Gene Expression Patterns with a Complementary DNA Microarray , 1995, Science.

[12]  P. Schultz.  Lessons from the Immune System: From Catalysis to Materials , 1996 .

[13]  James H. Jett,et al.  Single-Molecule Fluorescence Analysis in Solution , 1996 .

[14]  Måns Ehrenberg,et al.  Rotational brownian motion and fluorescence intensify fluctuations , 1974 .

[15]  M. Eigen,et al.  Two-beam cross-correlation:  a method to characterize transport phenomena in micrometer-sized structures. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[16]  W. Webb,et al.  Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. II. An experimental realization , 1974, Biopolymers.

[17]  Fred M. Dickey,et al.  Gaussian laser beam shaping: test and evaluation , 1996, Optics & Photonics.

[18]  S H Kim,et al.  Exploiting chemical libraries, structure, and genomics in the search for kinase inhibitors. , 1998, Science.

[19]  Lloyd M. Davis,et al.  THE PHOTOPHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF SEVERAL FLUORESCENT DYES PERTAINING TO ULTRASENSITIVE FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY , 1993 .

[20]  S. P. Fodor,et al.  High density synthetic oligonucleotide arrays , 1999, Nature Genetics.

[21]  F. Lytle,et al.  Two-Photon Excitation in Square and Cylindrical Capillaries , 2000 .

[22]  B. Weigl,et al.  Lab-on-a-chip sample preparation using laminar fluid diffusion interfaces – computational fluid dynamics model results and fluidic verification experiments , 2001, Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry.

[23]  A. Orden,et al.  Two-beam fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. , 2002 .

[24]  Heino,et al.  Hydrodynamic flow profiling in microchannel structures by single molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  C. Y. Lee,et al.  Multipoint parallel excitation and CCD-based imaging system for high-throughput fluorescence detection of biochip micro-arrays , 2001 .

[26]  Jörgen Bengtsson,et al.  Fan-out diffractive optical elements designed for increased fabrication tolerances to linear relief depth errors. , 2002, Applied optics.

[27]  Watt W. Webb,et al.  Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. III. Uniform translation and laminar flow , 1978 .

[28]  E. Elson,et al.  Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. I. Conceptual basis and theory , 1974 .

[29]  D. Whitcombe,et al.  Advances in approaches to DNA-based diagnostics. , 1998, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[30]  P. Brown,et al.  Drug target validation and identification of secondary drug target effects using DNA microarrays , 1998, Nature Medicine.