A Model for Personality

1 General Features of the Model.- 1.1 Models and Explanations.- 1.2 The Development of a Paradigm.- 1.3 Theory Making: Correlational and Experimental Psychology.- 1.4.1 Theory Testing: Constraints and Complications.- 1.4.2 Theory Testing: Some Sources of Error.- 2 The Psychophysiology of Extraversion and Neuroticism.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Physiological Basis of Extraversion.- 2.3 Extraversion and Electrocortical Activity.- 2.4 Extraversion and Cortical Evoked Potentials.- 2.5 Extraversion and the Orienting Reaction.- 2.5.1 Stimulus Characteristics.- 2.5.2 Subject Selection.- 2.5.3 Measures of Electrodermal Recording.- 2.5.4 Conclusions.- 2.6 Extraversion and Pupillary Response.- 2.7 The Interaction of Extraversion and Neuroticism.- 2.7.1 Neuroticism and Stress.- 2.7.2 Normal and Patient Populations.- 2.7.3 Neuroticism and Emotional Response Patterning.- 2.8 Conclusions.- 3 A Survey of the Effects of Brain Lesions upon Personality.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Brain-Damaged Personality.- 3.3 Laterality of Lesion and Personality.- 3.4 Frontal Lesions and Personality.- 3.5 Cingulate Gyrus Lesions.- 3.6 Amygdala Lesions and Violence.- 3.7 Hypothalamic Lesions, Aggression and Sex.- 3.8 Thalamic Lesions.- 3.9 Temporal Lobe Lesions and Personality.- 3.10 Brain-Stem Arousal Systems and Personality.- 3.11 Individual Differences in Response to Cortical Stimulants and Depressants.- 3.12 Personality Processes.- 3.13 Brain and Personality: A Synopsis.- 4 The Genetic and Environmental Architecture of Psychoticism, Extraversion and Neuroticism.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Biometrical Approach.- 4.2.1 Basic Model.- 4.2.2 Estimation of Parameters in the Model Using MZ and DZ Twins.- 4.3 Empirical Studies.- 4.3.1 Older Studies.- 4.3.2 Studies Involving the EPQ and Similar Questionnaires.- 4.4 Conclusion.- 5 Personality and Conditioning.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Basic Issues: The Major Theories.- 5.2.1 Pavlovian Typology.- 5.2.2 Modifications of the Pavlovian System.- 5.2.3 The Personality Theory of Eysenck.- 5.2.4 The Drive Theory of Spence.- 5.2.5 Gray's Reformulation of the Eysenck Theory.- 5.2.6 Summary.- 5.3 Basic Issues: The Period of Aufklarung.- 5.3.1 Summary.- 5.4 Newer Perspectives: Determinants of Responding.- 5.4.1 Studies Including Personality.- 5.4.2 Studies Excluding Personality.- 5.4.3 Summary.- 5.5 New Perspectives: Recent Extensions.- 5.5.1 Substantive Areas.- 5.5.1.1 Conditioning in Infancy.- 5.5.1.2 Response Topography.- 5.5.1.3 Extinction.- 5.5.1.4 Attitude and Evaluative Conditioning.- 5.5.2 Theoretical Issues.- 5.5.2.1 V-Form and C-Form Responding.- 5.5.2.2 Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality.- 5.5.2.3 Cognition.- 5.5.2.4 Conditionability.- 5.6 Conditioning and Personality.- 6 Learning, Memory and Personality.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Basic Theoretical Constructs.- 6.2.1 Attention: Selectivity and Intensity.- 6.2.2 Working Memory.- 6.2.3 Summary.- 6.3 Effects of Anxiety on Learning and Memory.- 6.3.1 Spence and Spence (1966).- 6.3.2 Anxiety: Cognitive Factors.- 6.3.3 Working-Memory Capacity.- 6.3.4 Levels of Processing and Elaboration of Encoding.- 6.3.5 Towards a Theory of Anxiety.- 6.3.6 Success and Failure.- 6.4 Effects of Introversion - Extraversion on Learning and Memory.- 6.4.1 Interrelationship Between Introversion - Extraversion and Anxiety.- 6.4.2 Introversion - Extraversion: Reward and Punishment.- 6.4.3 Cortical Arousal.- 6.4.4 Retention Interval.- 6.4.5 Distraction.- 6.4.6 Task Difficulty.- 6.4.7 Retrieval: Speed and Power.- 6.4.8 Summary and Conclusions.- 7 Personality and Social Behaviour.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Affiliation and Personal Space.- 7.3 Birth Order.- 7.4 Group Interaction and Social Skills.- 7.5 Speech Patterns.- 7.6 Expressive Behaviour and Person Perception.- 7.7 Expressive Control.- 7.8 Field Dependence.- 7.9 Suggestibility.- 7.10 Conflict Handling.- 7.11 Attraction.- 7.12 Sexual Behaviour.- 7.13 Attitudes and Values.- 7.14 Recreational Interests.- 7.15 Occupational Choice and Aptitude.- 7.16 Industrial Performance.- 7.17 Academic Aptitude and Achievement.- 7.18 Mental Health.- 7.19 Psychotherapy.- 7.20 Drug Use and Abuse.- 7.21 Crime and Delinquency.- 7.22 Cross-National Differences.- 7.23 Conclusions.- 8 A Critique of Eysenck's Theory of Personality.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Personality Description.- 8.3 Biological Explanation.- 8.4 An Alternative Theory.- 8.5 Coda 1: Strength of the Nervous System.- 8.6 Coda 2: Psychoticism.- Epilogue.