Effect of Frame Structure on Interpretation of Map Symbols

Abstract. Various studies (e.g. Forrest and Castner 1985, Blok 1987, Clarke 1989, Leung and Li 2002) have shown that some map symbols are very effective (easy to understand the meaning) while some other symbols are not very effective (difficult to understand the meaning). Such results are in accordance our experiences in map use. A question arising is “What matters?” The simple answer is “complexity”.