Existing Landslide Monitoring Systems and Techniques

Phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, coastal erosion, glacial movements or subsidence following mining, water or oil extraction are all characterized by surface movements ranging from millimeters to meters, over spatial scales of meters to tens of kilometers and temporal scales of hours to years. Detecting the timing and amount of deformation is critical for understanding the physical causes and eventually warning of possible hazards. Monitoring of deformation of structures and ground surface displacements during landslides can be accomplished by using different types of systems and techniques. These techniques and instrumentation that can be classified as remote sensing or satellite techniques, photogrammetric techniques, geodetic or observational techniques, and geotechnical or physical techniques are presented in this paper.