Accurate visual memory for previously attended objects in natural scenes

The nature of the information retained from previously fixated (and hence attended) objects in natural scenes was investigated. In a saccade-contingent change paradigm, participants successfully detected type and token changes (Experiment 1) or token and rotation changes (Experiment 2) to a target object when the object had been previously attended but was no longer within the focus of attention when the change occurred. In addition, participants demonstrated accurate type-, token-, and orientationdiscrimination performance on subsequent long-term memory tests (Experiments 1 and 2) and during online perceptual processing of a scene (Experiment 3). These data suggest that relatively detailed visual information is retained in memory from previously attended objects in natural scenes. A model of scene perception and long-term memory is proposed.

[1]  George Sperling,et al.  The information available in brief visual presentations. , 1960 .

[2]  R. Nickerson,et al.  SHORT-TERM MEMORY FOR COMPLEX MEANINGFUL VISUAL CONFIGURATIONS: A DEMONSTRATION OF CAPACITY. , 1965, Canadian journal of psychology.

[3]  R. Shepard.  Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures , 1967 .

[4]  R. Haber,et al.  Perception and memory for pictures: Single-trial learning of 2500 visual stimuli , 1970 .

[5]  A. O. Dick,et al.  Effect of eye movements on backward masking and perceived location , 1973 .

[6]  E. Matin.  Saccadic suppression: a review and an analysis. , 1974, Psychological bulletin.

[7]  G. McConkie,et al.  Eye movements and integrating information across fixations. , 1978, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[8]  R. E. Parker.  Picture processing during recognition. , 1978, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[9]  A. Friedman.  Framing pictures: the role of knowledge in automatized encoding and memory for gist. , 1979, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[10]  G. McConkie,et al.  Is visual information integrated across successive fixations in reading? , 1979, Perception & psychophysics.

[11]  G R Loftus,et al.  The functional visual field during picture viewing. , 1980, Journal of experimental psychology. Human learning and memory.

[12]  Vincent Di Lollo,et al.  Temporal integration in visual memory. , 1980, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[13]  B. Julesz,et al.  The existence and role of retinotopic and spatiotopic forms of visual persistence. , 1982, Acta psychologica.

[14]  B. Bridgeman,et al.  Failure to integrate visual information from successive fixations , 1983 .

[15]  J. O'Regan,et al.  Integrating visual information from successive fixations:Does trans-saccadic fusion exist? , 1983, Vision Research.

[16]  K. Rayner,et al.  Is visual information integrated across saccades? , 1983, Perception & psychophysics.

[17]  David E. Irwin,et al.  Evidence against visual integration across saccadic eye movements , 1983, Perception & psychophysics.

[18]  W. E. Collins,et al.  Integrating pictorial information across eye movements. , 1984, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[19]  H D Crane,et al.  Generation-V dual-Purkinje-image eyetracker. , 1985, Applied optics.

[20]  J. Feldman.  Four frames suffice: A provisional model of vision and space , 1985, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[21]  J. Findlay,et al.  The Relationship between Eye Movements and Spatial Attention , 1986, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[22]  A. Treisman.  Features and Objects: The Fourteenth Bartlett Memorial Lecture , 1988, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[23]  K. Rayner,et al.  Covert visual attention and extrafoveal information use during object identification , 1989, Perception & psychophysics.

[24]  A Pollatsek,et al.  Role of spatial location in integration of pictorial information across saccades. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[25]  David E. Irwin.  Information integration across saccadic eye movements , 1991, Cognitive Psychology.

[26]  D. E. Irwin.  Memory for position and identity across eye movements. , 1992 .

[27]  Alexander Pollatsek,et al.  What Is Integrated Across Fixations , 1992 .

[28]  D. Kahneman,et al.  The reviewing of object files: Object-specific integration of information , 1992, Cognitive Psychology.

[29]  K. Rayner.  Eye movements and visual cognition : scene perception and reading , 1992 .

[30]  J. O'Regan,et al.  Solving the "real" mysteries of visual perception: the world as an outside memory. , 1992, Canadian journal of psychology.

[31]  D. E. Irwin,et al.  Visual Memory Within and Across Fixations , 1992 .

[32]  M D Anes,et al.  Roles of object-file review and type priming in visual identification within and across eye fixations. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[33]  J. Henderson,et al.  Two representational systems in dynamic visual identification. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[34]  H H Bülthoff,et al.  How are three-dimensional objects represented in the brain? , 1994, Cerebral cortex.

[35]  J. Hoffman,et al.  The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements , 1995, Perception & psychophysics.

[36]  David E. Irwin,et al.  MEMORY FOR STRUCTURAL INFORMATION ACROSS EYE MOVEMENTS , 1995 .

[37]  B. Dosher,et al.  The role of attention in the programming of saccades , 1995, Vision Research.

[38]  Christopher B. Currie,et al.  Visual stability across saccades while viewing complex pictures. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[39]  H. Deubel,et al.  Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism , 1996, Vision Research.

[40]  D. E. Irwin,et al.  Integration and accumulation of information across saccadic eye movements. , 1996 .

[41]  D. Simons.  In Sight, Out of Mind: When Object Representations Fail , 1996 .

[42]  J. Grimes.  On the failure to detect changes in scenes across saccades. , 1996 .

[43]  Ronald A. Rensink,et al.  TO SEE OR NOT TO SEE: The Need for Attention to Perceive Changes in Scenes , 1997 .

[44]  J. Henderson,et al.  Object identification without foveal vision: Evidence from an artificial scotoma paradigm , 1997, Perception & psychophysics.

[45]  Rajesh P. N. Rao,et al.  Embodiment is the foundation, not a level , 1996, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[46]  John M. Henderson,et al.  Transsaccadic Memory and Integration During Real-World Object Perception , 1997 .

[47]  D. Simons,et al.  Failure to detect changes to attended objects in motion pictures , 1997 .

[48]  D. Ballard,et al.  Task constraints in visual working memory , 1997, Vision Research.

[49]  Andrew Hollingworth,et al.  Eye Movements During Scene Viewing: An Overview , 1998 .

[50]  Isabel Gauthier,et al.  Three-dimensional object recognition is viewpoint dependent , 1998, Nature Neuroscience.

[51]  D. Simons,et al.  Failure to detect changes to people during a real-world interaction , 1998 .

[52]  M. Pickering,et al.  Eye guidance in reading and scene perception , 1998 .

[53]  J. Wolfe.  Visual memory: What do you know about what you saw? , 1998, Current Biology.

[54]  J. Henderson,et al.  High-level scene perception. , 1999, Annual review of psychology.

[55]  J. Henderson,et al.  The Role of Fixation Position in Detecting Scene Changes Across Saccades , 1999 .

[56]  Laura A. Carlson-Radvansky.  Memory for relational information across eye movements , 1999, Perception & psychophysics.

[57]  John M. Henderson,et al.  The Influence of Enantiomorphic Transformation on Transsaccadic Object Integration , 1999 .

[58]  P. Schyns,et al.  Blind to Object Changes: When Learning the Same Object at Different Levels of Categorization Modifies Its Perception , 1999 .

[59]  T. Poggio,et al.  Hierarchical models of object recognition in cortex , 1999, Nature Neuroscience.

[60]  Ronald A. Rensink,et al.  Change-blindness as a result of ‘mudsplashes’ , 1999, Nature.

[61]  J. Henderson,et al.  The effects of semantic consistency on eye movements during complex scene viewing , 1999 .

[62]  Ronald A. Rensink.  Seeing, sensing, and scrutinizing , 2000, Vision Research.

[63]  M. Hayhoe.  Vision Using Routines: A Functional Account of Vision , 2000 .

[64]  K. Nakayama,et al.  On the Functional Role of Implicit Visual Memory for the Adaptive Deployment of Attention Across Scenes , 2000 .

[65]  Ronald A. Rensink,et al.  Picture Changes During Blinks: Looking Without Seeing and Seeing Without Looking , 2000 .

[66]  J. Wolfe,et al.  Postattentive vision. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[67]  J. Wolfe.  Inattentional Amnesia , 2000 .

[68]  Daniel J. Simons,et al.  Current Approaches to Change Blindness , 2000 .

[69]  David E. Irwin,et al.  The role of the saccade target object in the perception of a visually stable world , 2000, Perception & psychophysics.

[70]  Andrew Hollingworth,et al.  Eye Movements, Visual Memory, and Scene Representation , 2000 .

[71]  I. Thornton,et al.  Change Detection Without Awareness: Do Explicit Reports Underestimate the Representation of Change in the Visual System? , 2000 .

[72]  J. Henderson,et al.  Change detection in the flicker paradigm: The role of fixation position within the scene , 2001, Memory & cognition.

[73]  Carrick C. Williams,et al.  To see and remember: Visually specific information is retained in memory from previously attended objects in natural scenes , 2001, Psychonomic bulletin & review.